Partial skeletons of two new fossil whales, Artiocetus clavis and Rodhocetus balochistanensis, are among the oldest known protocetid archaeocetes. These came from early Lutetian age (47 million years ago) strata in eastern Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Both have an astragalus and cuboid in the ankle with characteristics diagnostic of artiodactyls; R. balochistanensis has virtually complete fore- and hind limbs. The new skeletons are important in augmenting the diversity of early Protocetidae, clarifying that Cetacea evolved from early Artiodactyla rather than Mesonychia and showing how early protocetids swam.

During the early two decades of third millennium, many Mesozoic and Cenozoic biotas belong to plesiosaur, Titanosauriformes, titanosaurs, theropods, Mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaur, bird, snake, fishes, mammals, eucrocodiles, invertebrates and plants from Pakistan were found. Previously a few were formally published according to nomenclatural rules. Most of the Mesozoic vertebrates were formally published in August 2021, and the remaining Mesozoic and Cenozoic biotas are being formally described here.

Recently two slender and medium to large sized titanosaur taxa like Pakisaurus balochistani and Isisaurus colberti of pakisaurids Poripuch along with small sized stocky Saraikimasoom and medium sized stocky Gspsaurus of gspsaurids Poripuch have been recognized from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.The diagnosis and description of Pakisaurus balochistani and some missing elements of Isisaurus colberti discovered from Pakistan are added here for understanding of possible fuller anatomy of slender titanosaurs. Further so far no any research information regarding the comparison of titanosaurs of India and Pakistan is available. Here present research provides the comparison between titanosaurs recognized from Pakistan and India. cently was discovered in 2000. So far 3000 fossil bones and pieces were discovered from Pakistan. All the fossil bones of titanosaurs were reported from the latest Cretaceous (67 -66 Ma) Vitakri Formation from Pakistan [3] [4] and its coeval Lameta sediments from India. The skull of Marisaurus jeffi titanosaur [5], different types of osteoderms of titanosaurs were reported first time in Asia [6] and titanosauriforms or basal titanosaur [7] were reported from Pakistan. Five taxa of titanosaurs from Pakistan namely Pakisaurus balochistani, Sulaimanisaurus gingerichi and Khetranisaurus barkhani of pakisaurids, Marisaurus jeffi and Balochisaurus malkani of balochisaurids were established on diverse caudal vertebrae [8]. This extended abstract [8] was submitted earlier than papers [5] [6] [7] but due to conference date changing from 2003 to 2004, the papers [5] [6] [7] were published earlier than conference [8] paper. These taxa of titanosaurs were described and figured in 2006 [9]. Diverse presacral vertebrae of titanosaurs were also reported from Pakistan [10]. Later on many postcranial fossils were referred to Marisaurus jeffi [11] [12] [13], Balochisaurus malkani [13] [14] and Pakisaurus balochistani [15]. These titanosaurs were considered invalid [16] except Isisaurus and Jainosaurus. The fossils from Pakistan were diagnostic and consequently Gspsaurus pakistani [17] and Saraikimasoom vitakri [17] were established on diagnostic skull and snout which were previously referred to Marisaurus jeffi [9] and Balochisaurus malkani [9] respectively. Further Nicksaurus razashahi [17] [18] and Maojandino alami [18] [19] were established on holotypic cranial, vertebral and appendicular elements which were previously referred to Marisaurus jeffi [9] and Balochisaurus malkani [9] respectively. Recently four titanosaurs from Indo-Pakistan like Gspsaurus pakistani [20] [21], Saraikimasoom vitakri [22] [23], Pakisaurus balochistani [24] and here, and Isisaurus colberti [25] (and here) were diagnosed out of total 15 named taxa from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.

Titanosaurs articulated cranial elements especially jaw bones with articulated complete teeth row are extraordinarily rare. Here the holotypic snout with articulated jaw bones and complete teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri are being presented which has international significance and contributes to understanding the evolutionary relationships and paleobiogeographic history of the vertebrates of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The completeness of the skeleton, in particular the presence of a well-preserved skull has a significant influence on resolution of titanosaur phylogeny. Here Saraikimasoom vitakri holotypic snout from South Kinwa, and referred jaw with articulated pointed and rounded teeth along with associated postcranial fossils from north Kinwa, and other associated materials from Mari Bohri, mid-Sangiali, Zubra Basti Nala and Grut localities of Pakistan are being presented. All these assemblages show consistent results.

Almost complete skulls of most derived titanosaurs which provide complete teeth row are rare. Saraikimasoom vitakri is the smallest sized, the most derived titanosaurian sauropod based on very small sized 15-18 cm long and 7-9 cm high partial skull. Dorsal profile of skull inclined 40˚ anteriorly. It provides full teeth row with dental formula 4, 13/9-13. Saraikimasoom is the smallest titanosaur so far found from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Its height is about 2 meter, length 8-10 meter and weight about 5 tons. Saraikimasoom vitakri shows Gondwanan paleobiogeographic link with some endemic elements.