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The main objective of this work is to analyse fatigue crack propagation of two-dimensional structures under constant amplitude loading using the developed adaptive mesh finite element. The finite element mesh is generated using the advancing front method. The adaptive remeshing process is carried out based on the posteriori stress error norm scheme. The stress intensity factors are estimated by employing the displacement extrapolation technique facilitated by construction of singular crack tip elements. The crack propagation is modelled by the splitting node approach and the trajectory follows the successive linear extensions of each crack increment. The propagation process is driven by linear elastic fracture mechanics approach. In the analysis, the resulted stress intensity factor range at each of crack increments is recorded. Fatigue life cycle can be predicted immediately after completion of the recording by integrating the generalised Paris' equation. The procedure is applied to the fatigue analysis of three different specimens namely modified compact tension, two internal non-colinear cracks specimen and PMMA beams specimen. Verification of the predicted fatigue life is conducted by comparing the results with the relevant experimental data and numerical results obtained by other researchers. The comparisons show that the developed programme is highly reliable in simulating fatigue crack propagation and predicting the fatigue life cycles.

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The present study on beach morphology and its profile dynamics was carried out to categorize the morphodynamic classification of selected beaches in Pahang, comprising the areas from Teluk Chempedak to Kuala Pahang. Beach stations were monitored monthly for a complete 1-year cycle; beginning from February 2012 to February 2013 at 12 corresponding stations established at random morphological intervals. Based on the results obtained, which include the granulometric analysis and beach surface topography, three main beach classes have been differentiated: reflective, intermediate and dissipative beaches. The reflective beaches exhibits rather high degree beach slopes and coarse-grain sand sizes compared to intermediate and dissipative classes.

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