The present study was conducted to observe the effect of various heat treatments on sensory characteristics and shelf-life of skimmed milk at the Department of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during year 2012-2013. The skimmed milk was produced from buffalo milk through cream separator and then divided into four groups viz. A, B, C and D. The group A was kept as untreated (control) and B, C, D (treated at 60C for few s (thermization), 65C for 30 min (pasteurization), 110C for 10 min (sterilization), respectively. The parameters studied included; sensory attributes such as appearance/color, taste/flavor and body/texture scores and shelf-life at cold storage (6±2C) and at room temperature. Appearance/color of pasteurized and sterilized skimmed milk was not acceptable compared to thermizide and control skimmed milk. Sterilization process improved the taste/flavor and body/texture of skimmed milk. Shelflife of skimmed milk was remarkably (P<0.05) better with sterilization process at room temperature as well as at cold storage (6±2C).

Synthesis and evaluation of in‐vitro and in‐silico anti‐bacterial potential of a series of 4, 5‐dihydro‐1H‐indazoles is reported here. The synthesis of the target 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐indazoles was accomplished by reacting 1,5‐diaryl,4‐acetyl cyclohexen‐3‐one with hydrazine hydrate and selected hydrazides. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti‐bacterial potential against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Among the synthesized indazoles, N,N‐dimethyl‐4‐(3‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐indazol‐4‐yl)aniline and 3‐methyl‐4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐1,6‐diphenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐indazole exhibited highest antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium i. e. MIC50= 3.85 and 4.12 mg/ml respectively. Docking studies were also carried out to provide an insight into binding interaction with the active site of respective enzyme.

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A new protocol for the online spectrophotometric determination of methamidophos has been developed. The method is based on online hydrolysis of methamidophos, and the resulting hydrolyzed product is reacted with sodium nitroproside to form a colored complex. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 0.5-20 microgml(-1), with a molar absorptivity of 2.5x10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1). The method is fast and reproducible with a sample throughput of 90 samples/h. The method is successfully applied to formulations and real samples.

Subsurface samples of the Talhar shale, Lower Goru Formation, are analyzed for smectite (montmorillonite) and illite in the Nur-dep#1 (ND‒1), well 2, Southern Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. The ND‒1, well 2 is an unsuccessful well drilled by the OGDCL, Pakistan, for the shale gas exploration. Illitization and elemental content constrained using XRD qualitative and XRF quantitative analyses, respectively. The illite content increases from 15 to 55% with increasing depth. The fine-grained shale comprises chlorite, kaolinite, halloysite, allophane, muscovite, microcline, illite and montmorillonite. Chlorite was observed at 3450–3452 m, whereas kaolinite is present at depth range of 3450–3482 m. The mix layer expandability decreases from 40 to 20% at depth ranges from 3450 to 3552 m, respectively. The interstratification is random to ordered. Potassium and silicon contents with respect to aluminum and calcium are increasing with depth. Data obtained in this research indicate that the shale gas is immature and the oil is an early–medium stage of maturation.