Pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Ketapang kesulitan dalam melacak sebaran pasien Covid-19. Kesulitan ini dikarenakan data yang digunakan masih dalam bentuk tabel dan titik koordinat. Pada Penelitian ini penulis melakukan transformasi dari data tabel yang sulit dipahami menjadi data visualisasi mapping sehingga dapat dengan mudah melihat daerah mana saja yang paling banyak terdapat kasus ODP, PDP, dan Positif. Dengan meningkatnya wabah Covid-19 di Indonesia membuat pemerintah daerah harus bisa mengambil keputusan dengan cepat. Salah satu cara agar dapat mendukung pemerintah daerah dalam mengambil keputusan terhadap Covid-19 dengan membuat sebaran pasien Covid-19 berdasarkan peta koordinat yang dapat diakses oleh pihak yang memiliki kepentingan secara real time melalui website. Metode yang dilakukan  dalam penelitian ini adalah pemetaan digitalisasi dengan  menggunakan dua aplikasi yaitu QGIS dan framework Laravel. Hasil pembuatan aplikasi pemetaan pasien Covid-19 ini sangat akurat dalam memberikan gambaran visual sebaran pasien Covid-19 pada suatu daerah.

The majority of scientific research in the world agrees that vaccination is a vital instrument that aims to solve the problem of the Covid-19 pandemic. In achieving this goal, the government is trying to ensure that vaccinations run as they should. Even though it is regulated in laws and regulations, the enforcement of vaccination law is not easy to implement. This article aims to examine the formulation of the legal basis that can ensure effective enforcement of vaccination law in Indonesia. By using normative legal research, this study aims to answer several problems. First, is vaccination a right or obligation for every citizen? Second, what are the legal bases that can be used to enforce the vaccination law in Indonesia? Third, what is the state’s responsibility for adverse events following vaccination in return for the vaccination obligation? This article provides a view that the principle of emergency reason does not know the law (necessitas non habet legem) can be an indicator of a shift in vaccination status which was originally only a right to become obligation. In addition, the wederspanningheid article in the Criminal Code (KUHP) regarding resistance to officers carrying out state obligations can be the legal basis for enforcing vaccination law. Furthermore, the enforcement of vaccination law must also go hand in hand with the state’s responsibility for adverse events following vaccination. Responsibilities can be in the form of vaccine testing, treatment, care, and court lawsuits if there is a default or unlawful act.

Cyberwarfare is a form of warfare that cannot be explicitly addressed by existing international law. While most experts agree that legal restrictions should apply to this phenomenon. However, the international community has not been able to reach a consensus on how international humanitarian law (IHL) can be adapted. This article argues that this issue remains unresolved academically. Some passages in the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention may indeed be relevant to cyber warfare, but specifically the relevance does not respond to this phenomenon. Many cyberattacks inevitably inflict losses on parties, making these violations more likely to occur in cyber conflicts than in conventional wars. With this in mind, this article also argues that IHL should evolve to encourage the creation of a legal umbrella against cyberwarfare in some situations and provide better guidance.