Composting is the most adaptable and fruitful method for managing biodegradable solid wastes; it is a crucial agricultural practice that contributes to recycling farm and agricultural wastes. Composting is profitable for various plant, animal, and synthetic wastes, from residential bins to large corporations. Composting and agricultural waste management (AWM) practices flourish in developing countries, especially Pakistan. Composting has advantages over other AWM practices, such as landfilling agricultural waste, which increases the potential for pollution of groundwater by leachate, while composting reduces water contamination. Furthermore, waste is burned, open-dumped on land surfaces, and disposed of into bodies of water, leading to environmental and global warming concerns. Among AWM practices, composting is an environment-friendly and cost-effective practice for agricultural waste disposal. This review investigates improved AWM via various conventional and emerging composting processes and stages: composting, underlying mechanisms, and factors that influence composting of discrete crop residue, municipal solid waste (MSW), and biomedical waste (BMW). Additionally, this review describes and compares conventional and emerging composting. In the conclusion, current trends and future composting possibilities are summarized and reviewed. Recent developments in composting for AWM are highlighted in this critical review; various recommendations are developed to aid its technological growth, recognize its advantages, and increase research interest in composting processes.

Mango is king of fruits and grown in various countries including Pakistan. The production of mango fruits in Pakistan is low due to attack of various insect pests especially fruit flies. Fruit flies are the major issue in the mango production. Fruit flies are considered as quarantine and key pests of Agricultural and horticultural crops causing huge losses in crop production. The current study was conducted at a farmer field in Bahawalnagar, to monitor the population of fruit flies installingdifferent traps like bottle, jar,and pheromones traps (methyl eugenol) in mango orchards. Data were recorded from January,2020-December, 2020. The results showed that maximum population of male fruit flies was captured in pheromones traps while minimum in jar traps. The population of fruit flies was emerged in month of April and no population was recorded in first three month and last one month of study. The June and July were the most favorable months for fruit fly attack on mango while December was least.Pheromones traps which are installed at 12 feet height from the ground surface captured 99% fruit fly population while lowest 30% population were captured at 4 feet height.Methyl eugenol trap were more effectiveto capture maximum population of fruit flies among tested traps. It can prove effective trap in controlling pest population in the mango orchards globally especially in Pakistan

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This study examines the short run, long run, and causal relationships among financial liberalization, healthcare expenditures, and defense expenditures on sustainable development in Pakistan covering the period from 1971 to 2017. The paper also explored the asymmetric relationships among the target variables. To explore these relationships, ARDL and NARDL Models are utilized. Additionally, advanced econometric techniques such as Maki cointegration and quasi-GLS unit root are used to take multiple structural breaks into account. Maki cointegration results show a stable long run relationship between the underlying variables. The findings of ARDL suggest a positive effect of financial liberalization and health expenditures while the negative effect of military expenditures on sustainable development. NARDL estimates suggest strong asymmetry as sustainability responds to positive (negative) shocks in militarization, health expenditures, and financial liberalization differently. The Toda-Yamamoto causality test shows that any policy to target health expenditures and financial liberalization significantly alters sustainable development and vice versa. For robustness checks, FMOLS and alternative proxy of sustainable development are used. The key findings posited the need to shift military expenditures to health expenditures and financial markets to achieve sustainable development goals in Pakistan.