Background: Nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis, is defined by the1presence of nephrotic-range1 proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia & hyperlipidemia. Nephrotic syndrome remains the common manifestation of glomerular disease in childhood. UTI is a common infection accompanying nephrotic syndrome. But there is no local evidence available. Aim: To assess the frequency of urinary tract infection in children presenting with nephrotic syndrome in a tertiary1care hospital. Study design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: Total 280 children fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included through non-probability convenience sampling. Urine sample was obtained in sterile container & was sent to the pathology1laboratory of the hospital. Then reports were assessed & if pathogen was present, then UTI was labeled. Data was evaluated by using SPSS v.24. Quantitative data was presented as mean±SD. Qualitative data was presented as frequency and percentage. Chi-square test was applied with P-value ≤0.05 taken as significant. Results: The mean age was 7.07±3.09years. There were 152(54.3%) males and 128(45.7%) females. The mean weight of patients was 24.30±7.75kg. The mean duration of nephrotic syndrome was 9.66±5.37months. There were 147(52.5%) patients who had UTI while 133(47.5%) patients did not have UTI. Practical Implication: As there is a high incidence of UTI among nephritic children and there is lack of local data that specifically addresses this health issue thus current study was planned. Results regarding precise estimate of UTI frequency in nephrotic syndrome patients helped to formulate recommendations for early screening to initiate early management of UTI. This information also helped in reducing morbidity and mortality in children with nephrotic syndrome. Conclusion: It was concluded that frequency of UTI was high in children with nephrotic syndrome hence screening of UTI is necessary on regular intervals in children with1nephrotic syndrome. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Nephrotic Syndrome, Children, Proteinuria and Albuminuria.

Background: Liver cirrhosis has an essential influence on the lipid profile. Statins have well-known beneficial cardiovascular effects reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. Aim: To compare the change in hepatic venous portal gradient with or without simvastatin for maintenance of lipid profile of liver cirrhosis patients Methods: This Randomized controlled trial was done at Department of Medicine, South medical ward, Mayo hospital, Lahore from October 2021 to March 2022.patients were randomly divided in two groups. In group A, patients were given simvastatin with standard treatment. In group B, patients were given standard treatment only. Before and after 1 month of treatment, lipid profile and HVPG level were assessed again. The change in HVPG and lipid profile was calculated. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 25. Results: The mean age of patients received simvastatin was 55.26 ± 13.24 years and mean age of patients in control was 53.74 ± 16.88 years. In simvastatin group, there were 82 (54.7%) males and 68(45.3%) females. In control group, there were 93 (62.0%) males and 57(38%) females. With simvastatin, the mean HVPG level was reduced from 20.11± 6.21mg/dl to 15.42±4.71 mg/dl after a month (mean change = 4.69 ± 1.50 mg/dl). While in control group, mean HVPG level was reduced from 19.28±7.61 mg/dl to 17.82± 6.52 mg/dl after a month (mean change = 1.46±1.09 mg/dl). The effect size was 23.3% with simvastatin while 7.6% without simvastatin for reduction of HVPG in cirrhotic patients. The difference was observed to be significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, addition of simvastatin is effective in controlling lipid profile of patients with liver cirrhosis. It also has beneficial role in improving condition of liver cirrhosis patients. Keywords: hepatic venous portal gradient, simvastatin, lipid profile, liver cirrhosis, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides

Background: Diarrhea is one of the most common problems in Pakistan where Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the maximum prevalence i.e, 28% followed by Sindh (23%), Punjab (22%), and Baluchistan (12%). According to WHO every year 1.5 million children under 5 years, die just because of diarrhea. Therefore, this study aimed to look at the effect of lactose-free formula milk versus homemade plain yogurt in children with acute diarrhea. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out on 60 children of age 4-24 months, 30 in each group in the Department of Pediatrics, Services Hospital Lahore. Group 1 was given yogurt while lactose-free milk was given to group 2. The duration of resolution of diarrhea was noted in hours and data was statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20. Practical Implication: The practical implication of comparing lactose-free formula milk with yogurt as a dietary intervention for children with acute diarrhea involves several considerations. Firstly, the severity and duration of diarrhea should be evaluated to determine the appropriate intervention. Secondly, the age and nutritional needs of the child should be taken into account. Thirdly, the availability and acceptance of lactose-free formula milk and yogurt in the local context should be considered. Additionally, the potential benefits and drawbacks of each option, such as the nutritional content, ease of digestion, and probiotic properties of yogurt, need to be assessed. It is important to consult with healthcare professionals and make an informed decision based on the specific circumstances to promote optimal outcomes in managing acute diarrhea in children. Results: Out of 60 children, 26 (43.33%) were male and 34 (56.67%) were female. In groups 1 and 2, the mean duration of resolution of diarrhea (outcome) was 43.9 ± 7.30 hours and 71.57 ± 12.92 hours respectively. Group 1 patients’ treatment showed a significant difference in the outcome than group 2 patients (P value= 0.00). However, the treatment effect on gender was found non-significant (P value= 0.48). The outcome in females was 43.6 ± 7.5 hours with yogurt and 70.6 ± 8.4 hours with lactose-free milk while in males the outcome was 44.3 ± 8.6 hours with yogurt and 73.1 ± 9.1 hours with lactose-free milk. Conclusion: The use of yogurt is better than lactose-free formula milk for the resolution of diarrhea. Keywords: Lactose-free formula milk, homemade plain yogurt, diarrhea.