Graphitic carbon is a valuable material that can be utilized in many fields, such as electronics, energy storage and wastewater filtration. Due to the high demand for commercial graphite, an alternative raw material with lower costs that is environmentally friendly has been explored. Amongst these, an agricultural bio-waste material has become an option due to its highly bioactive properties, such as bioavailability, antioxidant, antimicrobial, in vitro and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, biomass wastes usually have high organic carbon content, which has been discovered by many researchers as an alternative carbon material to produce graphite. However, there are several challenges associated with the graphite production process from biomass waste materials, such as impurities, the processing conditions and production costs. Agricultural bio-waste materials typically contain many volatiles and impurities, which can interfere with the synthesis process and reduce the quality of the graphitic carbon produced. Moreover, the processing conditions required for the synthesis of graphitic carbon from agricultural biomass waste materials are quite challenging to optimize. The temperature, pressure, catalyst used and other parameters must be carefully controlled to ensure that the desired product is obtained. Nevertheless, the use of agricultural biomass waste materials as a raw material for graphitic carbon synthesis can reduce the production costs. Improving the overall cost-effectiveness of this approach depends on many factors, including the availability and cost of the feedstock, the processing costs and the market demand for the final product. Therefore, in this review, the importance of biomass waste utilization is discussed. Various methods of synthesizing graphitic carbon are also reviewed. The discussion ranges from the conversion of biomass waste into carbon-rich feedstocks with different recent advances to the method of synthesis of graphitic carbon. The importance of utilizing agricultural biomass waste and the types of potential biomass waste carbon precursors and their pre-treatment methods are also reviewed. Finally, the gaps found in the previous research are proposed as a future research suggestion. Overall, the synthesis of graphite from agricultural bio-waste materials is a promising area of research, but more work is needed to address the challenges associated with this process and to demonstrate its viability at scale.

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An UMKM (micro, small and medium scale business) in the city of Pangkalpinang, Province of Kep. Bangka Belitung, with the trademark "kebajig Lure", produces metal jigs or artificial/fake bait made of metal. One of the problems in the process of making metal jigs at UMKM is bending the wire on the metal jig, because the bending process uses loop pliers which causes the wire to be made to be non-uniform (where 10 wires, below 50% of the wire deviates from tolerance) so that the stray wire must be repaired first before the metal jig molding process. In addition, the bending time of 1 piece of wire takes about 80 seconds. This study aims to accelerate the metal jig bending process and to obtain a uniform wire with a deviation of ± 0.2 mm. After conducting the survey and initial analysis, the making of tools for bending wire is the solution. In the process of making these tools, the VDI 2222 design method is used, starting from planning, conceptualizing, designing, and finally finishing. Then carried out the process of making tools and testing wire bending. The results of the experiments conducted showed that the uniformity level of the metal jig wire was around 70% and the time required in the 1-wire bending process was ± 10 seconds, with an efficiency of ± 70 seconds from the previous process. And in the metal jig molding process, the wire repaired before the molding process is only about 30%.

This study aims to isolate the alcoholic patchouli from patchouli oil using a vacuum distillation method using vacuum distillation unit. The isolation process is conducted by varying vacuum pressure, distillate volume, and remaining residue volume. The vacuum pressure variated at 1, 1,5, 2, and 2,5 mmHg, distillate volume by 70, 80, and 90 ml, while remaining residue volume at 10, 20, and 30 ml. Samples were analyzed using GC-MS to determine the concentration of patchouli alcohol and analyzed using a pycnometer to determine its density. The results showed that the use of low pressure affected separating patchouli alcohol from patchouli oil. The highest patchouli alcohol content from the isolation results is 100% obtained in 10 ml of remaining residue volume at a pressure of 2 mmHg. This vacuum distillation method is quite effective.

Indonesia merupakan negara keempat di dunia setelah China, India dan Amerika Serikat dengan jumlah penduduk terbanyak mencapai lebih dari 200 juta jiwa, Peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan laju perekonomian serta pembangunan selain memberikan dampak positif juga memberikan dampak yang positif. Dampak negatif salah satunya adalah permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan khususnya dalam pengelolaan sampah yang dapat dilihat dari meningkatnya volume sampah. Tingginya volume sampah di Indonesia terutama di kota-kota besar seperti kota atau kabupaten di Provinsi Jawa Barat dipengaruhi oleh jumlah penduduk yang tinggi. Salah satunya di Kabupaten Majalengka, volume sampah semakin meningkat seiring dengan pertumbuhan penduduk. Volume sampah dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin tinggi jumlah penduduk maka semakin tinggi pula volume sampah yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas penduduk. Minimnya fasilitas yang memudahkan masyarakat mengelola sampah juga menjadi masalah. Selain itu, penumpukan sampah di tempat sampah sering terjadi karena DLH Majalengka melakukan piket untuk mengumpulkan sampah hanya 1-2 kali dalam seminggu. Teknologi merupakan salah satu jawaban dari permasalahan yang ada, antara lain teknologi pengelolaan sampah menjadi energi, sampah menjadi daur ulang, sampah menjadi kompos, dan sampah menjadi pemilahan. Dengan adanya tempat pemilahan sampah yang secara otomatis dapat memilah sampah berdasarkan jenisnya, diharapkan dapat mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan oleh sampah. Dengan memilah sampah berdasarkan jenisnya, tentunya akan memudahkan pengelolaan sampah untuk didaur ulang atau digunakan kembali.