The possible adverse effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted from mobile phones present a major public concern. Biological electrical activities of the human body are vulnerable to interference from oscillatory aspects of EMF, which affect fundamental cellular activities, in particular, the highly active development process of embryos. Some studies highlight the possible health hazards of EMF, while others contest the hypothesis of biological impact of EMF. The present study was designed to observe the histomorphological effects of EMF emitted by a mobile phone on the retinae of developing chicken embryos. Fertilized chicken eggs were exposed to a ringing mobile set on silent tone placed in the incubator at different ages of development. After exposure for the scheduled duration the retinae of the embryos were dissected out and processed for histological examination. The control and experimental embryos were statistically compared for retinal thickness and epithelial pigmentation grades. Contrasting effects of EMF on the retinal histomorphology were noticed, depending on the duration of exposure. The embryos exposed for 10 post-incubation days exhibited decreased retinal growth and mild pigmentation of the epithelium. Growth retardation reallocated to growth enhancement on increasing EMF exposure for 15 post-incubation days, with a shift of pigmentation grade from mild to intense. We conclude that EMF emitted by a mobile phone cause derangement of chicken embryo retinal differentiation.

A potential theory flow solution for the potential function, stream function, and shape of the water table is given for a class of steady state two‐ and three‐dimensional perched groundwater mounds formed under a long rectangular recharge basin or under a circular recharge basin. The solutions are done by a Gram‐Schmidt method and a simple iteration scheme. The mounds are formed in a stratum of conductivity k1 overlying a perching stratum of much lower conductivity k2. Capillary fringe effects are neglected. The recharge rate is R. Potential theory mound heights are compared with those given by the Dupuit‐Forchheimer (DF) theory. For the cases computed (R/k2 = 10, 100, and 500 and k1/k2 = 50,100, 500, 600, 750, and 1000) the DF theory gives apex heights of mounds correct to better than 7% for two‐ dimensional mounds. For three‐dimensional mounds the DF theory gives in one case a mound height that is 69% too low (for R/k2 = 500 and k1/k2 = 600) and in another case a mound height that is 28% too low (for R/k2 = 500 and k1/k2 = 1000). Profiles of the computed mounds are graphed, and examples of use of the graphs in applications are given. Sample flow nets are presented.

A theory is presented to determine spacing of identical drainage wells that, by discharging groundwater simultaneously from a layered aquifer, will lower a water table to a preassigned level and maintain it. The theory has been developed by solving a mathematical boundary value problem. The wells are located on a certain regular grid, and the aquifer receives a uniform vertical recharge from rainfall or excess irrigation. The theory shows that the spacing depends on the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of each permeable layer tapped by the wells, the maximum allowable drawdown, the uniform vertical recharge, the radius of the wells, and the well grid geometry. A table of values of a function, useful for determining spacing of wells to be tapped in an aquifer that may consist of any number of permeable layers, is given.

The similarity of the developmental anatomy of chicken with that of mammals has rendered it an appropriate animal model for understanding the anatomical and pathological aspects of human biological systems. The present study describes the age-dependent morphological differentiation stages of developing retina of chick embryos. The retinae of chicken embryos of ages 10 and 15 days incubation, of newly hatched chicks and also that of adult chicken were studied histologically. The retinae were processed both for routine microscopy and as araldite-embedded high-resolution sections. At all ages, different retinal layers were studied noting the changing shapes of nuclei and measuring the individual layer thickness. As the animal advances in age, the elongated to oval nuclear shape takes on a more round contour, the pigment content gradually increases, the initial cuboidal cells of the photoreceptor layer change over to tall columnar cells, their outer segments pushing their way into the epithelium layer, producing vacuolar appearances among the pigment granules, the inner and outer plexiform layers increase in thickness, while the nuclear layers, becoming more compact, decrease in thickness. The ganglion cell layer, initially multilayered, gradually becomes single-cell-layered with advancing age. This descriptive laboratory research presents a detailed retinal differentiation pattern, which contributes to the anatomical knowledge of retinal embryology as well as providing a comparative background for pathological deviations.

Objective: To determine the effect of diazepam on proliferation of chondrocytes in intermediate and deep zones of degenerating patellar articular cartilage in Balb/c mice.