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Key Points Question What is the association of the use of checkpoint inhibitors with the risk of neurological adverse events? Findings In this meta-analysis of 39 trials evaluating the use of checkpoint inhibitors to treat various malignant neoplasms, the risk of neurological adverse events was lower when compared with chemotherapy. However, the risk of neurologic adverse events was higher with checkpoint inhibitors compared with placebo. Meaning These results suggest patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors are less likely to develop neurologic adverse events compared with other cancer medications, particularly cytotoxic chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Gender disparity persists in academic medicine. Female faculty are underrepresented in leadership positions and have lower research output. We studied gender differences in faculty rank and departmental leadership and contributing factors among academic hematologists and oncologists in the United States. METHODS: For clinical faculty at 146 hematology or oncology fellowship programs listed in the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database, we collected data on demographics, academic rank, and research output using the Doximity and Scopus databases. We compared unadjusted characteristics of men and women by using 2-sided t tests and χ2 tests where appropriate. To predict probability of full professorship or leadership position among men versus women, we performed multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for clinical experience in years, number of publications, h-index, clinical trial investigator status, National Institutes of Health funding, and workplace ranking (top 20 v not). RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred sixty academic hematologists and oncologists were included. Women composed 21.9% (n = 142) of full professors, 35.7% (n = 169) of associate professors, and 45.4% (n = 415) of assistant professors. Thirty percent (n = 70) of departmental leaders were women. Female faculty, compared with male faculty, had a lower mean h-index (12.1 v 20.9, respectively; P < .001) and fewer years of professional experience since fellowship (10 v 16 years, respectively; P < .001). After adjusting for duration of clinical experience, academic productivity, and workplace ranking, the odds of obtaining professorship (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.57; P = .85) or divisional leadership (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.20 to 1.58; P = .28) for female physicians were not different compared with male physicians. CONCLUSION: Gender disparity exists in senior ranks of academic hematology and oncology; however, gender is not a significant predictor in achieving professorship or department leadership position.

The majority of pathologies in poultry are linked to intestinal chronic inflammation due to a disbalance of the gut microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota drives the gut integrity, and the gut’s biological and metabolic functionalities, including efficacious use of nutrition, but also immunity, and neuroendocrine systems. However, many external factors are disturbing a stable, healthy gut microbiota. Heat stress, dysbiosis, leaky gut syndrome, and mycotoxins are the main “secret killers” in poultry that lead to chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn impact the health and animal performance. Additionally, chronic stress in poultry is linked with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which the WHO has recently identified to be among the most important problems threatening human health globally that increased the demand for safe antimicrobials to treat the collateral damages resulting from dysbiosis. Several alternative feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, fatty acids, and amino acids have been described to restore intestinal microbiota. Additionally, some phytogenic substances have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These natural products are also capable to modulate gut microbiota in a symbiotic equilibrium, thereby enabling the intestinal tract to withstand both infectious and non-infectious stressors. Nevertheless, several challenges, such as the bioavailability, rate of absorption, quality inconsistency, public acceptance, and cost-effective delivery methods, make the feasibility and application of phytogenic substances on a commercial scale complicated. In this review, the main drivers of chronic inflammation in poultry have been discussed. Additionally, the potential use of alternatives to antibiotics to restore the gastrointestinal microbiota in poultry and the possibilities for overcoming breakdowns in poultry farming were highlighted