Malaria is a life-threatening disease and emergence of malaria parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs, has necessitated the need for discovery and development of an alternative to malaria medicine. This study assessed the ethanolic leaf extract of Eucalyptus citriodora for the presence of bioactive components qualitatively and efficacy of the extract against the malaria parasite. Standard methods were used to determine the bioactive components of the leaf extract. Twenty (20) albino mice of body weight between 18-25 g were randomised into 5 groups of four mice each for acute toxicity test, while twenty-four (24) mice were randomised into six groups of four mice each (group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) for antiplasmodial activity. All the groups were infected with P. berghei, except group 3 (normal control). Group 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 0.2 mL of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of extract respectively. Group 2 (positive control) were treated with 0.2 mL of 5 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine. Group 1 (negative control) were administered with 0.2 mL of normal saline, while group 3 (normal control) were administered with 0.2 mL of normal saline for four consecutive days. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinone, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides and the extract was found safe and nontoxic. The antiplasmodial investigation revealed a decrease in percentage parasitaemia level in mice of group 4, 5 and 6 (extract treated group) compared with mice of group 1 (infected and not treated). The parasitaemia reduction was higher in group 6 (800 mg/kg). This significant decrease (P<0.05) in percentage parasitaemia level in the study was dose and time-dependent. The study revealed the potency of E. citriodora leaf extract as a future herbal candidate for the treatment of human malaria infection.

The rapid emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to Artemisinin derivatives and all the conventional antimalarial drugs necessitates the importance of ethnobotany, resulting in need to study the antiplasmodial potentials and the resultant effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Daniella oliveri (D.oliveri) on the biochemical and haematological parameters of the infected and treated albino mice. A total of 30 mice were randomized to six groups; 1 (positive control), 2 (negative control), 3 (normal control), 4, 5 and 6 (treatment groups) of five mice per group, body weights of mice were measured before and after infection and treatments, the mice were Infected intravenously with 0.2 ml of 1x107 standard inoculum of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes on the first day (day 0), treatment commence 72 hours later (day 3), continued for 5 days to terminate on day 7. On day 8, the Swiss Albino mice used for antiplasmodial activity were subjected to euthanasia under chloroform, aseptically dissected and blood was collected through cardiac puncture in lithium heparin bottle for biochemical assays and in an ethylene diamine tetra- acetic acid (EDTA) bottles for haematological assays.All mice in the treatment group showed decrease in body weight except for normal control group that showed increase in body weight. Methanolic leaf extract of D.oliveri contains some secondary metabolites that are hepato-protective in nature with no significant effects on the biochemical and hematological parameters of the malaria infected and treated albino mice.

Human malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by 5 species of plasmodia. Qualitative, quantitative and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine some bioactive components used in accessing the antiplasmodial potentials of methanolic leaf extract of Daniella oliveri in mice. Twenty-five (25) albino mice of body weight between 18-25 g were randomized into 5 groups of five mice per group for acute toxicity test, while for antiplasmodial studies. Thirty (30) mice were randomized to 6 groups of 5 mice per group (groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). The mice were Infected intravenously with 0.2 ml of 1x107 standard inoculum of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes on the first day (day 0).72 hours later (day 3), 0.2 ml of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of leaf extract were administered orally to mice in groups 4, 5 and 6 respectively as treatment dose once daily for 5 consecutive days. Group 1 (positive control) were treated with 0.2 ml of 5 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine, group 2 (negative control) were given 0.2 ml of normal saline and group 3 (normal control) received 0.2 ml of normal saline but were not infected with P. berghei. Blood samples were collected from all mice in all groups for the determination of percentage Parasitemia and chemo-suppression through vene-section of the tail. The qualitative Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Cardiac glycosides, Reducing sugar, Saponins, Terpernoids, Phenols. The GC-MS analysis revealed 57 chemicals. The highest dose 800mg/kg body weight showed a very good antiplasmodial activities with a significant decrease (P<0.05). Daniella oliveri have displayed to be a potentially “very good’’ human antimalarial medicinal plant.

Qualitative, quantitative and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis are useful for the determination of bioactive components necessary for accessing the antiplasmodial potentials of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of Daniella oliveri (D. oliveri). The aim of the study was to screen D. oliveri for the detection of phytochemical components and determination of bioactive compounds using qualitative, quantitative and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analytical techniques. The leaves were collected in Anyigba, from which methanolic and ethanolic extracts were prepared, phytochemical components detected and bioactive compounds determined using GC-MS. Results showed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, reducing sugar, saponin, terpenoid, phenol, cardiac glycosides and flavonoid in the extracts. Phenol showed the highest concentration (46.14 and 43.09 mg/100g) while terpenoid showed the lowest concentration (10.63 and 9.97 mg/100g) in methanolic and ethanolic extracts respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of higher components (57) in methanolic extract compared to ethanolic extract (27). This study provides scientific evidence that methanol may be a better extraction solvent for GC-MS analysis of D. oliveri leaves meant to be used for the determination of antiplasmodial activity than ethanol due to higher components detected in methanolic extract compared to ethanolic extract.

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate anti-lipidaemic effects of aqueous and ethanolic seed extracts of Datura stramonium. Methods: A total of twenty five albino rats weighing between 150 – 180 g were used. They were divided into five groups each contained five rats. Group 1, was the normal control and thus received normal saline. Groups 2 and 3 were treated respectively with aqueous extract at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg while groups 4 and 5 respectively received 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg ethanolic extract. The extracts were administered orally and the animals were sacrificed on the day 8 and the blood samples collected via retro-orbital plexus. The blood was then centrifuged after fifteen minutes and serum obtained for lipid profile analysis.  Results: The total cholesterol level generally decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in test groups, except in group 2 (0.502 ±.008 mg/dl) which received lower aqueous extract dose of 300 mg/kg. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in triacylglycerol (TG) levels in groups of 2 and 3 (groups treated with aqueous extract) but indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in group 4 (0.15 ± .003 mg/dl) which received high ethanolic extract dose. The high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in groups 4 and 5 with the mean values of 0.164 ± .002 mg/dl and 0.147 ± .004 mg/dl respectively. The mean values of the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level generally indicated a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all test groups, the decrease was more significant in groups 4 and 5 with mean values of 0.065 ± .00 mg/dl and 0.069 ± .00 mg/dl, when compared with groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: This study proves that both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Datura stramonium possess anti-lipidaemic property. The ethanolic extract had higher anti-lipidaemic property than the aqueous extract. Both extracts might be useful in the treatement of some cancers and cardiovascular diseases.