The focus of this study was twofold. The first aim of the study was to investigate psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). Second, we explored the relations between Internet Addiction, Attachment Style, Emotion Regulation, Depression and Anxiety among college students. A total of 754 college students participated in the study. The CIAS, Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT), Experiences in Close Relationship-Revised (ECR-R), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) were administered in the study. The CIAS was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. The associations between Internet addiction, attachment styles, difficulty in emotion regulation, anxiety and depression were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance and logistic regression analysis. The signal detection analysis showed that a cut value of 64 for the CIAS, with diagnostic accuracy of 97.1% and a cut value of 40 for the YIAT, with diagnostic accuracy of 86.9% were evaluated to be best diagnostic cutoff points. Considering univariate relationships between variables of interest, fearful and preoccupied attachment were significantly associated with pathological Internet use. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that being male, difficulties in emotional regulation, anxiety and depression statistically significantly contributed to the risk for development of Internet addiction. Internet addiction as indexed by the CIAS cutoff is a highly debilitating mental disorder.
Background
In this study, eating behaviors and alexithymia levels in obese adolescents were investigated. Relationships between alexithymia, eating behavior and insulin resistance were studied.
Methods
The patient group consisted of 87 obese adolescents or overweight adolescents (O + OW). The comparison group consisted of 101 normal weight adolescents (N). Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale–Child Version, are used for assessing adolescents. The homeostasis model assessment‐estimated insulin resistance was calculated to determine insulin resistance.
Results
Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children scores were significantly higher in O + OW than N (P = 0.009). Both emotional and restrained eating scores are higher in O + OW (P < 0.001 for both). On the other hand, external eating scores were not significantly different. In O + OW, external eating was positively associated with homeostasis model assessment‐estimated insulin resistance (r: 035, P = 0.006), but is not associated with fasting blood glucose and the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (r: −0.05, P = 0.62; r: −0.05, P = 0.73). Regression analysis showed that restrained and emotional eating were predictors of O + OW (B: 0.1, P < 0.001; B: 0.06, P = 0.001). Emotional eating was positively correlated with the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale–Child Version in O + OW (r: 0.29, P = 0.008; r: 0.48, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
Obese and overweight adolescents were more alexithymic than normal weight adolescents. Alexithymia scores were also positively associated with emotional eating. On the other hand, alexithymia was not a predictor of obesity/overweight. Restrained and emotional eating were predictors of obesity/overweight. Emotional and restrained eating were more common in obese and overweight adolescents than normal‐weight adolescents. External eating is not significantly associated with obesity but is related to insulin resistance.
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