Fruit characters of all Turkish members of the genus Grammosciadium were investigated, emphasizing on their micromorphological features. Five different ornamentation patterns of the fruit surface were observed. A multivariate analysis was done with the macromorphological characters of the fruits. The combination of micromorphological and macromorphological data clearly resolved the infrageneric classification of the genus. An identification key based on both types of characters is presented for all the studied taxa.

This study focuses on the root anatomical characteristics of the taxa of the genus Grammosciadium. Samples collected from plants gathered in 41 different localities in Turkey were studied. The results show that the general structure of the roots includes protective tissue (periderm), cortex and vascular tissue respectively from the outermost layer. The roots of G. subg. Grammosciadium include regularly arranged fibres within the protective tissue. Moreover, the existence, arrangement and density of the polyhedral sclereids just under the phellogen of the roots of G. subg. Caropodium reveal as remarkable characters. Among them, the density of all these sclerenchymatous layers is a diagnostic character for the taxa of the genus. This study remarks the importance of root anatomical characters in taxonomy of Grammosciadium.

Grammosciadium pterocarpum subsp. bilgilii and Grammosciadium pterocarpum subsp. sivasicum from Turkey are herein described as two new subspecies, and the species Grammosciadium schischkinii is synonymied under Grammosciadium pterocarpum subsp. pterocarpum. Quantitative variation of morphological and anatomical characters have been analysed to provide discriminative characters between the taxa of section Stenodiptera and to provide a key to the species. The taxonomic status of the taxa has been discussed in light of these morphological and fruit anatomical data using multivariate statistics such as MANOVA and Principal Component Analysis. The results are also used to present a critical discussion of characters used to distinguish and determine different taxa within Grammosciadium. MANOVA showed that ten characters, except stylopodium and style length, differed significantly among the taxa, and the results were confirmed by Tukey tests and PCA analysis (except the character of fruit number). However, only ranges of the characters of sepal length, fruit length, fruit width, fruit width/wing width ratio, and width of fruit wing are not overlapped. Qualitative characters of petiolate stipular segments of lower leaves and presence of funicular oil ducts in transvers section of mericarps were found as diagnostic characters.

This study includes the anatomical characters of the vegetative organs (stems, leaf sheats and leaf segments) of the genera Grammosciadium, Caropodium and Vinogradovia. All samples, collected from different localities in Turkey, were sectioned from the same part of the corresponding tissue. The results show that, although those three genera are closely related based on the studied characters, several features (such as the wing appearance, the presence of sclerenchyma above floem and the collenchyma under the epidermal layer of the stems) are the most prominent characters for genera differentiation. Similarly, the leaf sheath and leaf segments shown anatomical similarities, but they display remarkable differences in size that help to distinguish among genera.

The genus Grammosciadium is a member of the family Apiaceae and has four taxa namely G. daucoides, G. macrodon subsp. macrodon, G. macrodon subsp. nezaketiae and G. cornutum distributed in Turkey. Because the fruit anatomical characters are distinctly important for the taxonomy of the family Apiaceae, this study includes the detailed anatomy of the fruits of the genus. Moreover, some measurements from the fruit anatomy are given. Besides the general anatomy of them, the taxa are evaluated by both qualitative characters such as mericarp types and clarity of ribs and quantitative characters such as number of vascular bundles, number of vittae, size of mericarp, vittae, endosperm and vascular bundles. All the data presented in this research study may be used as a basis for all possible research on the taxonomy of the family and the genu.