SummaryIn the current study, the effect of kefir upon the performance, intestinal microflora and histopathology of certain organs in laying hens was investigated. Totally, 108 Lohmann Brown layers, aged 24 weeks, were allocated randomly into three groups, as; Group C (control, n=36): no treatment, Group A (n=36): 10 cc, and Group B (n=36): 7.5 cc kefir per litre of water. Animals were fed for 10 weeks with basal diets. Livers showed moderate level of hydropic degeneration, some lipidosis and focal haemorrhages with high amounts of kefir (Group A). Fewer active follicles in the ovarium were also observed in this group. The egg yield was significantly (P<0.01) lower in Group A (89.40±0.91) than in Group C (92.50±0.83) and Group B (92.86±0.87). For the pH of large intestines, unlike the small ones, it was significantly changed (P<0.01) from basic to acidic milieu in kefir-treated groups. The titres of coliform (E. coli), aerobic (Lactobacillus spp.), and anaerobic bacteria (Peptostreptococcus spp.) were significantly decreased (P<0.05 to P<0.001) with increased intake for both intestinal tracts. We conclude that; i) high kefir intake could unfavourably impair the digestive organ structures, ii) the supplementations led to a marked decrease in the large intestinal pH and microbiological load of the intestines, and iii) high kefir level markedly decreased the egg yield, unlike the low concentration as leading to a considerable improvement from the 6 th weeks onwards. Keywords: Kefir, Laying hen, Microbiology, Pathology, Probiotic Yumurtacı Tavuklarda Kefirin Performans, Barsak Mikroflorası ve Bazı Organların Histopatolojisi Üzerine Etkisi ÖzetMevcut araştırmada, yumurtacı tavuklarda kefirin performans, barsak mikroflorası ve bazı organların histopatolojisi üzerine etkisi araştırıldı. 24 haftalık toplam 108 adet Lohmann Brown yumurtacı tavuk; Grup K (kontrol, n=36), Grup A (n=36): 10 cc ve Grup B (n=36): 7.5 cc kefir/L su olarak rastgele 3 gruba ayrıldı. Hayvanlar 10 hafta süreyle bazal rasyonla beslendi. Yüksek kefir miktarı (Grup A), karaciğerlerde orta düzey hidropik dejenerasyon, belli düzeyde lipidosis ve fokal hemorajiler oluşturdu. Ayrıca, bu grupta ovaryumdaki aktif follikül sayısının daha az olduğu gözlendi. Grup A'daki yumurta verimi (89.40±0.91), Grup C (92.50±0.83) ve Grup B'dekinden (92.86±0.87) önemli düzeyde (P<0.01) daha düşük bulundu. Kefir uygulanan gruplardaki kalın bağırsak pH'sı, ince bağırsakların aksine, bazikten asidik ortama doğru önemli düzeyde (P<0.01) değişti. Koliform (E. coli), aerobik (Lactobacillus spp.), ve anaerobik bakteri (Peptostreptococcus spp.) titreleri artan probiyotik alımıyla birlikte önemli düzeyde (P<0.05 -P<0.001) azaldı. Sonuç olarak; i) yüksek kefir alımının sindirim organı yapılarını olumsuz yönde etkileyebildiği, ii) katkıların kalın bağırsak pH'sını ve bağırsakların mikrobiyolojik yükünü önemli düzeyde azalttığı, ve iii) yüksek kefir düzeyinin yumurta verimini önemli düzeyde azaltmasına karşın, düşük konsantrasyonun 6. haftadan sonra belli oranda artırdığı kanısına va...
ÖzetFarklı seviyelerdeki humik asit bileşiklerinin rumen fermantasyonu parametreleri, rumen protozoon sayısı ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yürütülen araştırmada hayvan materyali olarak, rumen kanülü takılmış 4 adet 1.5 yaşlı morkaraman koçu kullanıldı. Araştırmada kaba/konsantre yem oranı 70/30 olarak ayarlandı. Humik asit preparatı Bovifarm® konsantre yeme 0, 0.1, 0.2 ve 0.4 olacak şekilde katıldı. Araştırma 4x4 Latin Kare deneme düzenine göre yürütüldü. Her bir dönem 14 günü adaptasyon, 6 günü örnekleme olmak üzere 20 gün sürdürüldü. Araştırma sonunda humik asit ilavesinin rumen sıvısı pH'sını, NH 3 -N düzeyini önemli derecede değiştirmediği (P>0.05), rumen sıvısı TUYA (Toplam Uçucu Yağ Asiti), TUYA içinde asetik asit, propiyonik asit, bütürik asit ve asetik asit/ propiyonik asit oranlarının humik asitlerden ve seviyelerinden önemli derecede etkilenmediği saptandı. Rumen protozoonlarının sayıları bakımından kontrol grubu ile humik asit içeren gruplar arasında görülen farklılıkların istatistiksel olarak önemli olmadığı tespit edildi (P>0.05). Kan örneklerinde yapılan analizler sonucunda kontrole göre humik asitlerin ve dozlarının serum total protein, albumin, trigliserit, kalsiyum, fosfor ve VLDL (çok düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein) üzerine etkisinin önemli olmadığı ancak humik asitlerin tüm düzeylerinin kan serumu kolesterol ve LDL (düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein) düzeyini düşürdüğü (P<0.05), HDL (yüksek yoğunluklu lipoprotein) düzeyini ise özellikle %0.2 ve 0.4 humik asit içeren gruplarda önemli (P<0.05) derecede artırdığı tespit edildi. Anahtar sözcükler: Humik asit, Kan parametreleri, Protozoon sayısı, Rumen fermantasyonu The Effect of Humic Acid on Rumen Parameters, Protozoa Count and Blood Parameters in Sheep SummaryThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of humic acids on ruminal fermentation, protozoa count and some blood parameters in sheep. Four ruminally cannulated morkaraman rams, 1.5 years old, were used in 4X4 Latin Square Desing with 14 days adaptation and 6 days sampling periods on the way 20 days total. The animals were offered 70% forage and 30% concentrate supplemented with %0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 humate (Bovifarm®). Humic acid supplementation didn't effect the ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia-N (P>0.05). Neither TVFA (Total Volatile Fatty Acid) concentration nor the proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and acetic/propionic acid ratio in TVFA were affected by supplements. No differences were found among groups for protozoa counts (P>0.05). In blood samples, there were no significant differences among levels for serum total protein, albumine, trigliseride, calcium, phosphorus and VLDL (Very low-density lipoprotein). However, all humic acids levels decreased (P<0.05) the serum cholesterol and LDL (Low-densite lipoprotein); but increased (P<0.05) the HDL (High-density lipoprotein) levels in groups supplemented with %0.2 and 0.4 humic acids, significantly.
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the addition of tarragon in the diet of broiler chickens affects their performance and histological structures of internal organs. A total of 240 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were used. The experiment included four treatment groups, with six replications per treatment. The experiment lasted 42 days and the chickens were provided with feed and water ad libitum. Experimental groups were given basal diet only (control group), basal diet + 0.1% tarragon powder (T1 group), basal diet + 0.2% tarragon powder (T2 group) and basal diet+ 0.5% tarragon powder (T3 group). The tarragon additive did not affect the values of the daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) during the trial periods, while the highest daily weight gain (DWG) was recorded in the control group (P<0.05) on days 29-35 and 36-42. The longest jejunum villi was observed in the T2 group (P<0.05). The results indicate that different amounts of tarragon powder additive did not affect the DFI and FCR as performance parameters, while they had a negative impact on DWG. In addition, the livers, kidneys and intestinal tissue structures did not change. Therefore, the tarragon powder had no negative effects on the health of chickens.
In plant and animal production, sodium or potassium compounds which are soluble forms of humic substances are used. Sodium humates are used because of the sodium content which is important for animals in animal production. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of sodium humate added to sugar syrup in the development of adult honey bees, brood production and honey yield. Experimental colonies were randomly selected, and 5 study groups were formed with 6 colonies in each group. In the study, 4 different doses of sodium humate (5 cc, 10 cc, 20 cc, 50 cc/L and control 0 cc/L) were added to 1 liter 1:1 ratio of sucrose syrup and given to the experimental colonies. The highest brood production was obtained at a dose of 10 cc. In addition to, high dose (50 cc) negatively affected brood production. The average honey yield for the 5 cc, 10 cc, 20 cc, 50 cc and control groups was determined as 19.15±1.48, 26.35±1,83, 22.50±1.86, 8.75±1.29 and, 18.50±1.57 kg/colony, respectively. The highest honey yield was obtained from the group of 10 cc. For this group, the honey yield was 29.79 % higher than the control group.
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