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Control of grey mould of kiwifruit caused by Botrytis cinerea has been accomplished by postharvest application of synthetic fungicides. However, the development of resistant fungal strains and increasing public concern over food safety and the environment are driving a search for alternative disease control strategies. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of carbonate and bicarbonate salts of ammonium, potassium and sodium against B. cinerea were investigated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate completely inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea at 10, 25, 25, 50, 50 and 75 mM, respectively. With the exceptions of few, carbonate and bicarbonate salts totaly halted spore germination at lower concentrations than that of the mycelial growth of fungus. Complete inhibitory activity of ammonium carbonate exhibited spore germination at 10 mM, whereas same concentration of sodium carbonate reduced spore germination of fungus by 98.75%; however, the difference between this and the effects of first salt was not statistically significant (P<0.05). The lowest minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and EC50 values were also recorded in ammonium carbonate treatment. In vivo, however, with the exception of 100 mM ammonium carbonate, five other carbonate and bicarbonate salts significantly reduced the incidence of grey mould on kiwifruits (cv. Hayward). Moreover, potassium bicarbonate was detected to be the most effective salt for in vivo control of disease, and the difference between the effects of the lowest and highest concentrations of the salt was not statistically significant (P<0.05). Results from this study may provide an important basis for further study on the uses of carbonate and bicarbonate salts in the control of grey mould in kiwifruit at wider semi-commercial conditions.

Germination responses to temperature, medium and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments were studied in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev. cv. Hayward) seeds. The seeds treated with four GA3 concentrations (0, 2,000, 4,000 and 6,000 ppm) were sown in trays with peat moss, perlite + heater humus and soil mixture and subjected to the temperatures of 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C with bottom heating, under controlled conditions. All the treatments significantly affected the kiwifruit seeds germination. Seeds sown in peat moss and subjected to the temperature of 35°C with bottom heating reached the maximum germination percentage (99.17%). Peat moss and 6,000 ppm GA3 treatment also had a high germination rate (79%). Moreover, peat moss caused an earlier start of germination than the other mediums and shortened the germination period. 1985;HASEY et al. 1994;VERMA et al. 1998;STRIK, CAHN 1996) also affect the germination and emergence of the kiwifruit seeds. As the kiwifruit cultivation has become an important trade in Turkey, growers needed to obtain more vines with seedling rootstocks suitable for water limited areas. The germination percentage of kiwifruit seeds was lower and there were unsatisfactory researches based on a single factor. Thus it was necessary to study a combined effect of several factors that would increase the germination of kiwifruit seeds.In the present study we tried to search out a combined effect of temperature provided by bottom heating, germination medium and gibberellic acid treatments on the germination of kiwifruit seeds under controlled conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Collecting the seedsKiwifruit seeds were obtained from soft, wellripened fruits of Hayward cultivar grown in the Black Sea Region. They were extracted by a low speed food blender, the liquefied pulp was washed away through a fine sieve with running tap water and then they were air-dried until they reached a 15% moisture content and were kept in 0.17 mmthick polyethylene bags in an open container at room temperature for the days prior to the beginning of the study. GA3 treatmentsSeeds were immersed in 2,000, 4,000 and 6,000 ppm GA3 (Berelex, Zeneca Ltd.) solutions for 24 h. The solutions have 7.3 pH at room temperature. The seeds for control application (0 ppm GA3) were immersed into distilled water with the same pH, temperature and time conditions. For each GA3 treatment, 1,800 seeds were soaked in twice their volume of solution. After GA3 application, seeds were washed with sterile distilled water, left to dry for 24 hours, and then dipped in a weak solution of bleaching powder for surface sterilization as indicated by SALE (1985). Germination mediumThe seeds were sown in the peat moss, perlite + heater humus and soil mixture in the 10 m long and 1 m wide trays with the set temperatures of 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C maintained by bottom heating. The peat moss (Klasmann-Deilmann Standard Form) had 75-80% water capacity, 15-20% water, 90-95% air capacity and 70-100 ppm dry density, and 6.0 pH. The perlite + heater humus...

Our depigmentation cream is a moderate effective agent, well tolerated and can be considered as an alternative treatment of melasma. Twice-daily application may enhance the efficacy of treatment instead of twice-weekly application in the maintenance period.