Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by dematiaceous fungi. We report a case of chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi from a subtropical region of India that developed over the left foot of a 45-year-old male farmer and was provisionally diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. The patient presented with irregular warty growths over the left foot, which had started one year previously, and has gradually progressed over a year to involve the lateral aspect of left leg. The diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis was confirmed by histopathology and fungal culture.

Promoter methylation reflects in the inactivation of different genes like O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase DNA repair gene and runt-related transcription factor 3, a known tumor suppressor gene in various cancers such as esophageal cancer. The promoter methylation was evaluated for O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and runtrelated transcription factor 3 in CpG, CHH, and CHG context (where H is A, T, or C) by next-generation sequencing. The methylation status was correlated with quantitative messenger RNA expression. In addition, messenger RNA expression was correlated with different risk factors like tobacco, alcohol, betel nut consumption, and smoking habit. CpG methylation of O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter had a positive association in the development of esophageal cancer (p < 0.05), whereas runt-related transcription factor 3 promoter methylation showed no significant association (p = 1.0) to develop esophageal cancer. However, the non-CpG methylation, CHH, and CHG were significantly correlated with O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (p < 0.05) and runt-related transcription factor 3 (p < 0.05) promoters in the development of esophageal cancer. The number of cytosine converted to thymine (C→T) in O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter showed a significant correlation between cases and controls (p < 0.05), but in runt-related transcription factor 3 no such significant correlation was observed. Besides, messenger RNA expression was found to be significantly correlated with promoter hypermethylation of O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and runt-related transcription factor 3 in the context of CHG and CHH (p < 0.05). The CpG hypermethylation in O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase showed positive (p < 0.05) association, whereas in runtrelated transcription factor 3, it showed contrasting negative association (p = 0.23) with their messenger RNA expression. Tobacco, betel nut consumption, and smoking habits were associated with altered messenger RNA expression of O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (p < 0.05) and betel nut consumption and smoking habits were associated with runt-related transcription factor 3 (p < 0.05). There was no significant association between messenger RNA expression of O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and runt-related transcription factor 3 with alcohol consumption (p = 0.32 and p = 0.15). In conclusion, our results suggest that an aberrant messenger RNA expression may be the outcome of

Leiomyosarcomas of vascular origin are rare. They originate from the smooth muscles of tunica media of major blood vessels. The majority of such tumours arising in the extremities affect the femoral vascular bundle. There is limited knowledge and experience of the clinical presentation, pathological reports and results of treatment of this type of tumour. A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of femoral vein is being reported from a subtropical region of India that developed over the right thigh of a 35-year-old male farmer and was clinically diagnosed as benign soft tissue tumour. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry.

-INTRODUCTION:Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of salivary gland lesions has become very popular as a pre-operative diagnostic tool. However, in some instances the final histology of these lesions differs from the FNAC result. OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in salivary gland lesions and identify the salivary gland FNA cases having discordant histological diagnosis so that most common diagnostic pitfalls can be avoided. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty four salivary gland FNAC cases from January 2009 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed to identify the cytological characteristics that may have contributed to this discrepancy. Only 44 cases could be correlated histopathologically. RESULTS: Of the 64 cases analysed cytologically, 4 smears turned out to be unsatisfactory for evaluation, hence only rest 60 smears were evaluated. Out of the 32 cases which were given as cytologically benign, 28 were confirmed as benign on histology, while 04 cases turned out as malignant on histology. Of the 12 cases which were cytologically malignant, 2 turned out to be benign on histology. Taking histology as the "gold standard", the following data were obtained: specificity 92.8%, sensitivity 69.8%, diagnostic accuracy 84.5%, positive predictive value 83% and negative predictive value 83%. CONCLUSION: Despite inadequate samples obtained in some cases, FNAC should be done in the preoperative diagnosis of salivary gland lesions as it offers high diagnostic accuracy and specificity and an acceptable sensitivity.

Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma is an extremely rare malignant tumour arising in the sinonasal tract, that may extend intracranially to complicate the treatment and further worsen its dismal prognosis. Diagnosis is challenging because of its rarity and morphologic heterogeneity. Here, we reported a case of a 55 years old male who presented with complaints of left sided nasal blockage and facial swelling. CECT showed a large sinonasal mass with epicentre in the left nasal cavity extending to post nasal space and nasopharynx, eroding the left medial orbital wall and cranially the cribriform plate. Histopathologically, malignant epithelial component comprising of squamous cell carcinoma, mesenchymal component comprising of fibrosarcoma with focal chondroid differentiation, primitive blastemal component with extensive necrosis was noted. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positivity for synaptophysin, chromogranin, Pan-CK, EMA, CD99, focal p63 in areas of squamous metaplasia; stromal cells showed Desmin, S100, SOX 10 expression: Ki-67 was 30-40%. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma. Knowledge about this tumour is important because of its heterogenous morphology which often leads to a misdiagnosis, necessitating repeated biopsies and thorough examination of the surgical specimen.