This research addresses the problem of memorizing new vocabulary and their definitions in general and motivating students to memorize those scientific vocabularies in particular. This research examines the implementing of games as an effective learning strategy to acquire new vocabulary, solve this problem in an interesting way, and raise the students' awareness to study and to get the maximum results. The outcome of this research showed that it can increase students' ability and motivation to memorize new words. The data extracted from three sources: a questionnaire is designed and used as a tool to collect the data, the researcher observation and the regular exams. The results of this research demonstrate clearly that using games to practice vocabulary improves learners' ability to memorize the new words effectively. Games provide logical contribution while learners interact in the group, allowing students to clarify the meanings of the words. This strategy also enhanced students' enthusiasm to learn new vocabulary of scientific English.

Conversational implicature is known as an additional meaning indirectly implicated by saying another thing. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to discuss the problems of translating conversational implicature from English into Arabic. the data is selected from two English literary works; Lord of the Flies and Nineteen Eighty-Four along with their Arabic translation. Two theoretical frameworks are implemented for the descriptive analysis of the selected texts, Skopos approach and Grice’s Implicature. These two theories, along with their rules, provide appropriate standards to measure the accuracy of such translations from English language into Arabic. The analyses reveal that the translators encountered problems and obstacles during the translation into Arabic for several reasons, including linguistic, social and cultural. therefore, the translators followed different approaches and techniques to achieve consistent coherent Arabic text, equivalent to that of the original. In conclusion, the study illustrates that both theories are successful and applicable at varying levels, in translating conversational implicature from English into Arabic. Nevertheless, Grice’s approach is more successful in translating the conversational imlicatures within the framework of this study. Accordingly, this study answers all the designed questions.

Euphemisms are mild, polite and less distasteful expressions and phrases that replace their offensive equivalence in which culture plays a crucial role in translating them from a language to another different one and they pose difficulty for some translators. Therefore, the cultural awareness of source and target languages is necessary to translate euphemisms accurately as an indirect communication. This paper deals with the social euphemisms that are used in daily life to delicate the offensive aspect of some talks. The main object of this study is to investigate and study how Grice's Implicature Theory (Cooperative Principles and Maxims) and Relevance Theory could assist a clear interpretation of euphemisms. The former, however, focuses on deliberate flouting of maxims of conversation, giving rise to implicature while the later helps for an euphemism comprehension through an optimal relevance by using explicating strategies. The study further investigates the linguistic manifestations as well as the pragmatic inferences while rendering English euphemisms into Arabic and vice versa with special emphasis on the difficulty of the interpretation of euphemism that translator may encounter. This paper suggests some strategies to assist translating the euphemisms from one language into another one precisely.

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Tengku Sepora Binti Tengku Mahadi for her continuous support and assistance in finishing my Ph.D. studies and research, for all her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me during my research and the writing this thesis. I am immensely grateful to the Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS) of the UniversitiSains Malaysia (USM) for the graduate assistance scheme that supported my experiences at the university and to all members of the School of Language and Literacy for their unlimited support and cooperation. My sincere thanks also extend to all my colleagues but in particular to Mr. Yasir Mutar for our stimulating and useful discussions throughout my study and research. To my family Teeba, Rand, Mohamad and Raneem, who have supported me in different waysthank you all my dears! I acknowledge my husband and best friend Salwan, without whose love, encouragement and useful discussions, I would been unable to complete my thesis.