With continuous rise in health spending among countries, the need to make use of limited resources in health systems has become crucial. Health policy makers in countries strive to identify the interventions which can contribute to improving health outcomes. Techniques of economic evaluation, especially cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) have been widely applied in health sector to identify interventions that are more effective in terms of resources utilization. An understanding of CEA will not only help policy makers to take appropriate decisions in health sector but also in judicious spending of scarce resources. However, CEA studies have been flaunted with series of methodological challenges and practicability issues. This paper provides an introduction to CEA as one of the techniques of economic evaluation of health interventions and its relevance in making decisions in health sector. The paper also discusses some of the practical issues that arise while doing a CEA study in the health sector.

Background: Lack of physical activities leads to many consequences such as obesity, anxiety, stress, weight gain, depression and burnout. Due to busy schedule of medical students majority of the students overlooked the participation in exercise and physical activities and prefer studies over health. This pattern has brought many issues not only in students but in the societies as well. Aim: Purpose of this paper was to determine the impact of physical activities on academic performance and burnout of medical female students in India. Material and Methods: Survey approach using self-administered closed ended scale was distributed among 250 female students. Non probability convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample size. SPSS and PLS-SEM were used for statistical analysis. It was found that there is significant effect on burnout and academic performance of students due to academic year, physical activities, time played, regularity maintained, no of hours played per week, family restrictions, non-availability of space and laziness. Findings/Results: Measurement model was also found reliable and valid. All factor loadings, AVE and CR values met threshold criteria. It is concluded that taking part in games could reduce burnout, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization and enhance personal achievement and academic performance. Conclusions: From the findings it is revealed that taking part in any game such as football, baseball, hockey, cricket could bring positive outcomes such as good health, fitness, students become active and come up with new ideas, It is concluded that taking part in healthy activities help the students to develop skills, effectively handle stress, depression and anxiety.

AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate impact of fear of COVID-19 on depression among students and faculty members at Qassim University. METHODOLOGY: Survey approach is used. Population of the study was students and faculty members from public sector universities. Non-probability snow ball technique was used. Total 200 questionnaires were distributed and 165 completed received and used in the analysis. SPSS 25 is used for data treatment. RESULTS: The findings revealed that there is a significant association between predictors and criterion. Moreover, fear of exposing to corona virus is held responsible for increasing depression among individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Following ministry of health guidelines and getting vaccinate is only way to reduce the chance of exposing to COVID-19.

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Background: COVID-19 and lockdown brought consequences like stress, anxiety, depression, social and physical distancing and it has significant impact on well-being, health of people, life style, quality of life, dietary habits and increase several public health issues. Aim: the main purpose of this current study was to investigate the impact of psychological factor son eating habits of people during lockdown. Methods: Survey approach design was used using emotional eater questionnaire (EEQ). It has 10 items. Population of the current study was residents of Hyderabad state India. Questionnaire was distributed using Google forms in Facebook, emails, WhatsApp groups and Instagram. Total 211 completed questionnaires were used in the analysis. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Findings: results revealed that there is significant difference and change observed in eating habits of people before lockdown and during lockdown. Conclusions: it is concluded that during lockdown people prefer comfort food which directly increase risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases. Due to no or limited physical activities people gained weight and other psychological problems such as anxiety, stress and depression. There is need to focus on the diseases pattern built during lockdown. Implications:  several non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases increased during pandemic lockdown therefore it significantly increased the burden of non-communicable diseases on healthcare organizations. There is needed to make policies to reduce and control expenditure on non-communicable diseases.