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Some rodents assault live snakes by mobbing. Another snake‐directed behaviour is shown by Siberian chipmunks, Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus, when encountering a dead snake. They approach the carcass cautiously, gnaw the snake skin, and chew and apply the gnawed bits to their body fur. We have termed this behaviour “Snake‐Scent Application” (SSA). SSA behaviour is also elicited by snake urine and feces. Chemicals in snake skin and rectal and cloacal sacs release SSA. Snake urine applied to dead mice tends to suppress ingestion by snakes.

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An aggressive oyanirami, a freshwater fish, makes its opercular eye‐like spots conspicuous and spreads the gill covers to its rival. The eye‐spot is a main component of the color pattern of an aggressive fish. The color pattern releases aggressive actions of a conspecific fish. Using dummies, we found that the presence of the eye‐spot was important to aggression‐releasing, and this was independent of its location.