During the last two decades Mexico and Venezuela have confronted similar challenges in matters of international migration. Mexico is (a) a place where millions of people have left their country to work and live in the United States, (b) a path for transmigrants, (c) has temporary immigration from Central America in the south of its territory, and (d) faces the return of its nationals due to the restrictive immigration policies in the United States and because the US economy remains sluggish. On the Venezuelan side, emigration to foreign countries has grown in the last fifteen years due to political and economic instabilities. However, the country is also dealing with the necessity to change internal rules in order to guarantee a series of social and labor rights to South American immigrants because Venezuela is now a member of Mercosur. This paper describes the most important migratory patterns that the two countries currently face and analyzes the different responses that both Mexican and Venezuelan governments have given to similar international migration processes: emigration of its nationals and intraregional immigration.
Propuesta de un método para la valoración médico legal del perjuicio estético por cicatrices
ResumenUna de las principales actividades en el ámbito médico forense es la valoración del perjuicio estético. Son diferentes los métodos recogidos en la literatura para efectuar esta valoración, pero sólo tres son dirigidos exclusivamente al daño estético ocasionado por cicatrices. Proponemos en este trabajo un método para la valoración médico legal del perjuicio estético por cicatrices: inicialmente se valoran y puntúan tres parámetros: zona del cuerpo donde está la cicatriz, longitud en centímetros y distancia a la que se ve la cicatriz. Cada uno de estos parámetros se pondera de forma diferente en la valoración global del perjuicio estético. El resultado podrá incrementarse o reducirse en función del grado de deformidad y del color de la cicatriz, aplicando una tabla cruzada. La puntuación final (sobre 100) se puede dividir por dos para asimilarla al RD Legislativo 8/2004 que contiene el baremo, actualmente vigente para la valoración de secuelas de un accidente de tráfico.Palabras clave: Cicatriz. Método para la valoración médico legal del perjuicio estético por cicatrices. Perjuicio estético.
AbstractOne of the main activities in the medical forensic area is the evaluation of aesthetic damage. There are different methods reported in the literature to perform this evaluation, but only three are intended solely for the aesthetic damage caused by scarring. We propose, in this paper, a method for evaluation the damage forensic aesthetic scars: initially three parameters are evaluated and given a numerical value: the area of the body, the length in cm and distance at which the scar is seen. Each of these parameters is pondered differently in the overall evaluation of aesthetic damage. The result may be increased or decreased depending on the degree of deformity and scar color, applying a crossed table.The final result (out of 100) can be divided by two to assimilate the RDL 8/2004 containing the scale, currently applicable to the assessment of the consequences of an accident.
Al concluir la Segunda Guerra Mundial se empezó con la construcción de regímenes internacionales para atender, primero, a los desplazados de la conflagración en Europa y, después, a migrantes y refugiados en el resto del mundo, que incluyó la aprobación de convenciones, protocolos e instituciones en las siguientes décadas. El esfuerzo, que no ha estado carente de tropiezos, ha recibido un nuevo impulso con la aprobación de dos pactos en 2018 en el seno de la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) y que pretenden generar lineamientos generales para atender la movilidad internacional de las personas de manera ordenada y segura.Por lo anterior, el presente trabajo tiene como principal objetivo hacer una revisión cualitativa de la construcción de dichos regímenes para después analizar los retos que enfrenta la comunidad internacional en la implementación de los dos nuevos pactos mundiales sobre refugio y migración en un contexto marcado por la xenofobia y los ultranacionalismos.
For decades, New York, and the tri-State area, has become a major attraction for Poblano immigrants seeking opportunities. Some of these immigrants, not only have worked to send remittances to their families in Mexico, but also have made their way to become productive, social and political entrepreneurs in the communities of destination and/or origin. But what are the conditions that have allowed certain Poblanos to become economic, political and social entrepreneurs in the so-called Big Apple and its surroundings? What have been the challenges they have had to overcome? And what is their relationship with their origin communities in Mexico? These are the main research questions of this study part.
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