The aim of this study was to compare plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of male and female subjects in different training levels and to examine the risks of cardiovascular diseases. For this purpose, 20 male athletes from the National Turkish Wrestling Team (age 23.5 +/- 1.25 years) and 44 male and 51 female students (ages 21.7 +/- 1.72 and 20.20 +/- 1.68 years, respectively) from physical education and sports department and 40 sedentary females (ages 21.14 +/- 1.72 years) participated in this study. Trigliceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and LDL-C levels were determined by a Hitachi 717 Autoanalyser. Apo A-l, Apo B, and Lp(a) levels were determined by Behringer Nephelometer 100. Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO(2) max) values were determined by 12-min run test and the anaerobic power values were measured by Jump Meter Instrument. Energy consumption of basal metabolic rates were for males 1 kcal for an hour and 0.9 kcal for females. There were no significant differences in plasma TC, TG, and small lipoprotein a (Lp(a)) values between four groups (p > .05). No significant differences were found in HDL-C, LDL-C, apolipoprotein Al (Apo-Al), and apolipoprotein B100 (Apo-B) values between wrestlers and male students, and between female students and sedentary females (p > .05). HDL-C values of female students and sedentary females were significantly higher when compared with the same values of wrestlers and male students (41.52 and 40.93 mg/100 ml versus 51.92 and 50.10 mg/100 ml). However, LDL-C values were found to be lower in females than males (121.83 and 101.10 mg/100 ml as opposed to 97.7 and 98.4 mg/100 ml) but only significantly lower than in wrestlers (p < .05). Although the wrestlers' training levels were always higher than male students, the lipid and lipoprotein values were not different. These variables were not different between female groups either. But the lipid and lipoprotein profile of female subjects was found to be better than that of males. These results showed that medium and high level of exercises did not cause significant differences in lipid and lipoprotein levels, but the sex differences were very pronounced. Lipid and lipoprotein values of the four groups have indicated that the individuals in these groups would not be exposed to danger of cardiovascular diseases.

ÖzetAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı basketbol oyuncularında 12 haftalık aerobik egzersiz programının G6PD aktivitesi, glutation peroksidaz ve glutation S transveraz seviyeleri üzerine etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmak idi. Yöntem ve Gereçler: Başlangıç değerleri için basketbol oyuncuları ve sedanter yaş ve cins benzer sağlıklı kontroller için kan örnekleri alındı. Plazma glutation peroksidaz, glutation S transveraz ve G6PD aktiviteleri kitlerle değerlendirildi daha sonra basketbol oyuncularına 12 haftalık egzersiz programı uygulandı. Antrenman öncesi ve antrenman sonrası değerler tüm gruplarda karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Antrenman programından önce glutation peroksidaz, glutation S transveraz ve G6PD aktiviteleri basketbol oyuncuların-da sedanter kontrollerden anlamlı olarak yüksekti (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001). Antrenman programından sonra G6PD aktiviteleri, glutation peroksidaz,glutation S transveraz seviyeleri anlamlı olarak artmıştı (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01). G6PD aktivitesi ve glutation peroksidaz,glutation S transveraz seviyeleri arasında pozitif bir korelasyon bulundu. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak biz uzun süreli fiziksel egzersizlerin G6PD ve antioksidan aktiviteleri artırdığını ve antioksidan defansda adaptasyonlara neden olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Abst ractObjective: It has been suggested that regular, long-term exercise increases erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and antioxidant enzymatic activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether G6PD activity and antioxidant activities consisting of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione s transferase (GST) levels changed with a 12 week aerobic exercise program in basketball players. Materials and Methods:For baseline values, blood samples were obtained from basketball players and age and sex matched sedentary healthy volunteers. Plasma GPX, GST levels and G6PD activities were evaluated with commercial kits. Then, a 12 week training program was performed for basketball players. Pre training and post training values were compared within all groups. Results: Before training program, GPX, GST levels and G6PD activities were significantly higher in basketball players than sedentary controls (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). Also G6PD activities and GPX, GST levels were significantly increased after training program. (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). A positive correlation was found between G6PD activity and GPX, GST levels. Conclusion: Our results suggest that long term-regular physical exercise increases G6PD activity and antioxidant activities and cause adaptations in antioxidant defences. (Turk J Rheumatol 2010; 25: 34-6)

The aim of this study investigated the effects of glutamine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic energy system. Handball players (n=80) volunteered for this study. Weight and height of the players were measured and the age range was between 17-24 years old (20.7±4.3). Forty players performed wingate test and 40 players performed cooper test. The Experimental Group (n=20) was given glutamine treatment of 0.3g/kg/day of glutamine for a period of six weeks and the Control Group (n=20) had no treatment that both of the groups were for the wingate test and cooper test, too. Cooper test and Wingate test was performed by the participants that selected as two groups. Peak power and mean power were determined as the highest and average power achieved during any 30s of the test. There was a significant effect (p<0.05) of the supplementation on VO 2max and on Wmax producing a higher value post-test than the pre-test. The glutamine supplement had significant effects (p<0.05) on the mean and peak power under anaerobic circumstances. The study results confirm previous reports of a significant effect of glutamine supplementation on VO2max, peak power and mean power and concluded to examine different doses of glutamine. Keywords: energy systems, glutamine, supplementation, handball players, peak power, mean power, wingate test, cooper test, aerobic, anaerobic. IntroductionHandball is fast and body contact sports which require both aerobic and anaerobic endurance [1]. Players with high level of aerobic and anaerobic endurance enable them to perform quick action and sprints without getting fatigue, which have a crucial impact on match results. The game handball composed of repeated sprint of players for fast breaks and quick counter attacks which require great aerobic capacity. The players with greater aerobic capacity tend to show lower fatigue index which show negative correlation in handball players [2]. During anaerobic metabolism, characterized by the ATP-CP and glycolytic systems predominant in anaerobic activity, it is common that muscular fatigue occurs. During frequent periods of high intensity exercise in futsal and handball matches, muscular energy is generated by anaerobic glycolysis [3]. Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acid in the body. The consumption of glutamine increases under stresses such as exercise and disease conditions. Glutamine has received attention, because

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