1Energy analysis of housing in the central-south of Chile RESUMEN -El desarrollo residencial en la zona centro-sur de Chile (regiones VII, VIII y IX) ha logrado cubrir las demandas habitacionales, fundamentalmente con viviendas aisladas en baja densidad, de tipologías y sistemas constructivos similares. Los retos de la reconstrucción tras el terremoto que asoló la zona el 27 de Febrero de 2010 se están abordando con edificaciones semejantes, aplicando una normativa térmica, inédita en Latinoamérica, pero poco exigente en relación a estándares internacionales, que logran una mayor reducción de la demanda energética. Además, las condiciones climáticas de la zona permitirían una considerable mejora de las prestaciones térmicas de los edificios si se consideraran algunas características tipológicas referidas a la agrupación, el soleamiento, la distribución de la masa térmica y las mejoras de la envolvente. Este artículo revisa características ambientales y morfológicas de las edificaciones residenciales en la zona, planteando recomendaciones de diseño y construcción que podrían aplicarse para promover viviendas más eficientes energéticamente.Palabras clave: vivienda, eficiencia energética, hábitat sustentable, Chile.ABSTRACT -Housing development in the central-south area of Chile (Regions VII, VIII and IX) gives response to the needs for housing with low density detached dwellings of similar typologies and constructive systems. The challenges of the reconstruction process after the earthquake of the 27 th of February 2010 are been faced with similar buildings, applying a thermal regulation that is innovative in Latin America, but not rigorous enough when compared with international standards that achieve more important reductions in energy demand. In addition, the climatic conditions of the area would allow a considerable improvement of the thermal performance of buildings if some typological strategies related to group layout, solar incidence, thermal mass and thermal envelope are considered. This article reviews some environmental and morphological characteristics of residential buildings in the area, proposing recommendations for design and construction phase that could be applied in order to promote more energy efficient housing.

Manuscript Code: 0446 Date of reception/acceptation: 01sep2014/01dec2014Resumen La efectividad y precisión de un estudio de iluminación natural depende de conocer las condiciones de clima y la luz disponibles en un lugar, para así evaluar la iluminancia obtenida durante el proceso proyectual. Se presentan las metodologías aplicadas de una investigación realizada cuyo objetivo fue conocer y entregar datos realistas de la distribución espacial de los cielos, para así construir las bases para futuros estudios de iluminación en Chile. Se inicia con una revisión de las métricas para cuantificar la luz natural; posteriormente se presenta la metodología utilizada para levantar la información de frecuencias mes a mes en cuatro tipos de cielos CIE estándar a partir de archivos meteorológicos. Finalmente, se expone el método de fotografías de alto rango dinámico (High Dynamic Range-HDR) aplicado para conocer la distribución espacial de los cielos de seis ciudades de Chile. Se concluye que conocer los cielos CIE estándar posibilita focalizar los estudios de iluminación natural para cielos predeterminados, realizando un diseño y análisis para los cielos más frecuentes. Así mismo, el método aplicado para caracterizar la distribución espacial de los cielos debe ser calibrado para cada localidad de estudio.Palabras claves: Luz Natural, modelos de cielo CIE, distribución de iluminancia del cielo, fotografía de alto rango dinámico, captura del cielo AbstractThe effectiveness and accuracy of a daylighting study relies on knowing the climate and light conditions available at a given place, to then evaluate the illuminance obtained during the project development process. This paper presents the methodologies of a research process, whose objective is providing realistic data to establish the foundations for future lighting studies in Chile. It starts with the revision of the metrics used to quantify daylight; later, the methodology used to collate the monthly frequencies on four types of standard CIE skies, starting from climate files, is presented. Finally, both the methodology and the results obtained are presented to measure and characterize the real skies, as well as the High Dynamic Range photographs (HDR) and, as complement of this information, the illuminances measurements of the sky dome to define the types of skies of six Chilean cities. From the study applied, it is possible to conclude that knowing the standard CIE skies of a place allows us to adjust and focus the daylighting study for predetermined and predominant skies. It is just as important to mention that the measuring techniques for the skies must be adjusted and calibrated for each studied location.

After the oil crisis in the 70s energy regulation codes were implemented, but a great portion of existing dwellings have not been retrofitted to current requirements. To face this issue several actions were taken in the European Union (EU), among these, the implementation of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC), which include a Recommendation List of Measures (RLMs) to retrofit buildings. Some concerns exist about the lack of confidence on these recommendations. The main objective of this study is to analyze the usefulness of the EPC, answering if it is possible to deliver a realistic financial assessment about renovation strategies using these tools. The study is based on three indicators: Consumption, energy saving variations and profitability. The study is based on a renovation project case study, where simulations and Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) were performed, in order to identify the different results that EPC's and an energy efficiency assessment could lead to. The results show important differences in all the concepts evaluated.The current certification scheme, regulated by the EPBD directive 2018/844 [5], which amended the Directive 2010/31/EU, has not modified the articles related to issuing and displaying of the energy performance certificate (Articles 11, 12 and 13). Basically, the Directive requires the Member States to lay down the necessary measures to establish a system of certification of the energy performance of buildings, including a methodology for the calculation of the energy performance of buildings which shall be transparent and open to innovation. It also requires that the certificates are carried out by qualified and/or accredited experts. The certificate must include a list of recommendations for the cost-optimal or cost-effective improvement of the energy performance of a building or building unit. This list of recommendations can by standardized or tailor-made.The EPC, according to the European Commission [6] should, in first place inform the owners and potential buyer/tenant about the energy performance of the building, and secondly inform the owners about profitable measures that can help improve the energy efficiency of the building. The rating and the RLMs are the most popular information requested on the EPC [7]. Even more, with the EPC content, several retrofitting tasks can be associated as a basis for the development of a retrofitting such as justification for refurbishment works, estimation of the budget costs and to demonstrate compliance with regulation targets [8].Given that, in the certification scheme, the calculation of the energy performance is entrusted to a software along with others features such as the rating, energy savings and profitability. It becomes important to know whether these tools can be used effectively as multipurpose; for rating and for the estimation of energy savings in existing buildings, since these represent a more challenging task.The aim of this study is to test if energy-labeling tools are able to deliver trustful information for renov...

Between the ages of 6 and 18, children spend between 30 and 42 h a week at school, mostly indoors, where indoor environmental quality is usually deficient and does not favor learning. The difficulty of delivering indoor air quality (IAQ) in learning facilities is related to high occupancy rates and low interaction levels with windows. In non-industrialized countries, as in the cases presented, most classrooms have no mechanical ventilation, due to energy poverty and lack of normative requirements. This fact heavily impacts the indoor air quality and students’ learning outcomes. The aim of the paper is to identify the factors that determine acceptable CO2 concentrations. Therefore, it studies air quality in free-running and naturally ventilated primary schools in Chile, aiming to identify the impact of contextual, occupant, and building design factors, using CO2 concentration as a proxy for IAQ. The monitoring of CO2, temperature, and humidity revealed that indoor air CO2 concentration is above 1400 ppm most of the time, with peaks of 5000 ppm during the day, especially in winter. The statistical analysis indicates that CO2 is dependent on climate, seasonality, and indoor temperature, while it is independent of outside temperature in heated classrooms. The odds of having acceptable concentrations of CO2 are bigger when indoor temperatures are high, and there is a need to ventilate for cooling.