Efavirenz, a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, is a promising addition to the antiretroviral armamentarium. Efavirenz levels and HIV-1 RNA levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 10 HIV-1-infected patients taking efavirenz, 600 mg daily, in combination with other antiretroviral medications. Efavirenz was detected in the CSF at a mean concentration of 35.1 nM (range, 6. 6-58.9 nM), which was above the IC95 for wild-type HIV-1. The mean CSF-to-plasma ratio was 0.61% (range, 0.26%-0.99%). CSF HIV-1 RNA levels were ascertained in 9 of the patients; all were <400 copies/mL after a mean of 26 weeks on therapy. Eight of the 9 patients had no detectable virus in plasma. These results indicate that efavirenz is present in the CSF at low levels and is effective in suppressing CSF viral levels when used in combination therapy.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global disease endemic and cause of 4.6 million deaths in the world. The Indonesian government and health insurance [BPJS Kesehatan] formulate a Chronic Disease Care Program [Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Kronis (PROLANIS)] for type 2 diabetes that aims to control the glycemic status and the risk factors of macro and microvascular complications. The purpose of this study was to analyse the correlation between the implementation of PROLANIS and fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and total cholesterol levels in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at Antang and Pampang community health centres, Makassar, Indonesia. Methods: This study used a descriptive correlation design with a cross-sectional study approach. Subjects were 40 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who joined PROLANIS at PUSKESMAS Antang and Pampang, Makassar, and the sampling technique used was total sampling. The data were analysed using a correlation test to assess the significance (p), the direction (+/-), and the strength of the correlation (r). The implementation of PROLANIS was measured by using the observation sheets developed based on BPJS Kesehatan criteria, while the laboratory checked the fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and total cholesterol levels. Results: The mean of the implementation of PROLANIS was 15.05 (SD ± 5.62), while the mean levels of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and total cholesterol were as follow: 191.80 mg/dL (SD ± 85.15); 8.4% (SD ± 2.08); and 192.87 mg/dL (SD ± 45.07). Using the Spearman's rho test, the study result showed that there was a significant and negative correlation between the implementation of PROLANIS and the levels of fasting blood sugar (p= 0.001; r= -0.724), HbA1c (p= 0.001; r= -0.870), and total cholesterol (p= 0.029; r= -0.35) in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at Puskemas Antang and Pampang, Makassar. Conclusions: The optimal implementation of PROLANIS is very effective for controlling the levels of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and total cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Digestive tract disorder known as Covid-19 is an infectious disease with a high level of morbidity and mortality because of the quick transmission. Prevention efforts are carried out by implementing health protocols, one of which is washing hands. Aim: to find out the difference in the behavior of Covid-19 transmission vigilance before and after being given 6-Step Hand Washing Health Education to Aisyiyah Members in the New Normal Era. Methods: This type of research is a Quasi Experiment with a time series design. The population is 31 people in the Aisyiyah area which was conducted in August 2020 with a total sampling technique. Results: Bivariate analysis showed that there were differences in the behavior of Covid-19 transmission vigilance before and after being given 6-Step Hand Washing Health Education to Aisyiyah Members in the New Normal Era with a P Value of 0.000. Significant differences were found between Handwashing Behavior Before being given health education and after being given health education p Value 0.00, hand washing behavior before being given health education and after being given health education p Value 0.000 and a month after being given Health Education Handwashing 6 Steps To members aisyiyah. These differences can be seen after statistical analysis using the Cochran test and then continued with the Post Hoc Mc test. Nemar to find out the significant difference between the three measurements. Conclusion: Health education has a difference in a person's behavior and requires observation more than once to maintain positive behavior. Keywords: Covid-19; hand washing; health education

Stroke is a disorder of local or extensive brain function that occurs suddenly, quickly, and can cause death. Obesity is known as one of the causes of hypertension and stroke. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple tool to monitor the nutritional status especially that is related to underweight and overweight status. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of the picture of collaboration between health workers in reducing the weight of patients with ischemic stroke in general hospital of Makassar. This research used descriptive design. Samples were taken by purposive sampling with 10 stroke patients who had BMI > 25. This study is conducted by observations and interviews. The instrument used an observation sheet containing demographic data, measurements of blood pressure, weight, and height. Health worker collaboration in reducing stroke patients' weight is more towards health education to patients and families. Health education in the form of a recommended diet such as high fiber, low salt, adequate mineral water intake, and increase physical activity, if there are no contraindications to medical diagnosis by a doctor. Weight loss requires a process and the changes are not immediately visible in a short time, it depending on the length of stay in the hospital, so that consistency in diet and physical activity is needed at home.