Objective: To evaluate the utility of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) in assessing the pathologic causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB). Methodology: The descriptive study was conducted in Gynecology Unit Nishtar Hospital Multan from July-2021 to July-2022. A total of 80 women with diagnosis of AUB were recruited. Every patient with an AUB underwent TVS. The thickness of the endometrium, its echogenicity, the size of the uterus, and any uterine or adnexal abnormality observed. Results: Mean age was 46.16±9.50 years with range 25-60 years. Regarding menopausal status, 35 (43.75%) females were pre-menopausal and 45 (56.25%) were post-menopausal.On TVS findings, normal proliferative endometrium was found in 26 (32.5%) cases, endometrial polyps in 22 (27.5%) cases,myomas in 12 (15.0%) cases, hyperplasia in 12 (15.0%) cases, endometrial atrophy in 5 (6.25%) cases, and suspicious looking endometrium in 3 (3.75%) cases. Practical Implications: The study is very useful, knowledgeable, cost efficient and cost effective. Conclusion: TVS is a safe, rapid and cost-effective modality for the diagnosis of endometrial pathologies. Endometrial polyps, myomas and hyperplasia are common cause of AUB. Keywords: Transvaginal ultrasonography, abnormal uterine bleeding, polyps.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) in differentiation of renal masses taking histopathology as gold standard. Methods: This cross-validation study was conducted from March 2021 to August 2021 at Al Hussain Diagnostic & Medical center Nishtar Road Multan. We included 100 patients presenting with renal masses on clinical and ultrasonography. All patients underwent MDCT for evaluation of renal masses. After MDCT, biopsy specimens were obtained for histopathological diagnosis of renal masses. The MDCT findings were correlated with histopathology diagnosis to determine the accuracy of MDCT. Results: Mean age was 45.8±12.36 years, 67% patients were male and 33% were female. Malignancy was diagnosed in 83% patients and remaining 17% patients were diagnosed of having benign lesions. Out of malignant lesions, 65% patients had RCC, 07% Wilm’s tumor, 6% lymphoma, meta-stasis was diagnosed 04% patients and 01% renal pelvic TCC. Among the benign lesions 11% patients had Angiomyolipoma and oncocytoma was diagnosed in 6.0% patients. The overall sensitivity of CT scan was 97.6%, specificity was 100%, PPV was 100% and NPV was 89.5%. Conclusion: MDCT can be used as the imaging method of choice for initial evaluation and diagnosis of RCC as it is associated with high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating malignant from benign lesions. Keywords: Diagnostic Accuracy, Histopathology, Multi detector CT, Renal Masses

Objective: To determine the accuracy of CT chest in diagnosis of COVID-19 taking RT-PCR-testing as gold standard. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients of suspicion of COVID-19 who were referred for CT Chest in Radiology Department of Nishtar Medical University Multan from June-2020 to May-2021 were included. In all patients, two RT-PCR test results were obtained with 7 days of admission in hospital. Presence of any of these positive was labelled as COVID-19 infection. CT chest was performed in all patients within 2 days of admission in hospital using 128 slices CT scan machine. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection was made according to the recommendations by Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) protocol. Results: Mean age was 51.3±14.7 years. 78 (52%) patients were male and 72 (48%) patients were female. RTPCR test was positive in 89 (59.3%) patients. While the CT chest findings were suggestive of COVID-19 infection in 130 (86.7%) patients. The sensitivity of CT chest was 95.5%, specificity 26.2%, PPV wad 65.4% and NPV was 80.0%. Conclusion: CT chest has a very good sensitivity for detection of COVID-19, it can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool especially in areas of pandemic. However, the specificity of CT chest is low, that can limit its use in low COVID-19 affected areas. Keywords: COVID-19, Computed tomography, False Positive, True Positive, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value.

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Objective: To evaluate the validity of new ultrasound classification in diagnosing malignant thyroid nodule keeping fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as gold standard. Materials and Methods: This validation study was carried out at hospital from September 06-2020 to March-2021 in Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health Multan .A total number of 114 patients who presented with inflamed thyroid nodules were included. General information regarding patient like name, age and gender was documented for data collection. Ultrasonography was done using Linear 7.5 MHz and curvilear 3.5 MHz transducer all patient in supine position and comfortable setting. Features of ultrasound were recorded. Patients having U4-U5 score were labelled as having malignant lesions. All cases were followed up by fine needle aspiration and corresponding histopathology report. Results: Mean age of patients was 46.06±10.34 years. Out of 114 patients, 83 (72.81%) patients were female and only 31 (27.19%) were male. On ultrasonography, malignancy was diagnosed in only 24 (21.05%) patients, and remaining 90 (78.95%) were diagnosed of having benign lesions. On histopathology, malignancy was diagnosed in 25 (21.93%) lesions, while remaining 89 (78.07%) patients were diagnosed of having benign lesions. Sensitivity of ultrasound U-score in diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules was 88%, specificity was 97.8%, PPV was 91.7% and NPV was 96.7%. Conclusion: New sonographic classification system has a reliable accuracy for differentiating malignant from benign solid thyroid nodules. So it can be used as preferred radiological scoring system for initial investigation for solid thyroid nodules. Keywords: Thyroid nodules, ultrasound U-Score, Histopathology, Malignancy, Diagnostic accuracy.