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Aim of this study is that to determine effect of reading from printed materials and screen on Elementary School 4th Grade Students' reading comprehension, reading speed and attitudes. For this purpose, in the 2013-2014 academic year, 46 females and 68 males, including a total of 114 4 th glass students were selected as examples from study private and public schools that is located in the district of Kütahya Province Tavşanlı center. According the sturdy results, there is not meaningful impact reading both narrative and expository texts from screen or printed materials fourth-grade students' text comprehension and reading speed. But students are very interested reading narrative text printed material rather than on the screen.

During colony growth, complex interactions regulate the bacterial orientation, leading to the formation of large-scale ordered structures, including topological defects, microdomains, and branches. These structures may benefit bacterial strains, providing invasive advantages during colonization. Active matter dynamics of growing colonies drives the emergence of these ordered structures. However, additional biomechanical factors also play a significant role during this process. Here we show that the velocity profile of growing colonies creates strong radial orientation during inward growth when crowded populations invade a closed area. During this process, growth geometry sets virtual confinement and dictates the velocity profile. Herein, flow-induced alignment and torque balance on the rod-shaped bacteria result in a new stable orientational equilibrium in the radial direction. Our analysis revealed that the dynamics of these radially oriented structures also known as aster defects, depend on bacterial length and can promote the survival of the longest bacteria around localized nutritional hot spots. The present results indicate a new mechanism underlying structural order and provide mechanistic insights into the dynamics of bacterial growth on complex surfaces.

Writing is the most difficult acquired language skill. Because it is used simultaneously while writing; all gained through implementation; It is necessary to master a wide range of skills, which directly or indirectly affect each other and can be considered and developed separately. These skills are a pattern of cognitive, affective and psychomotor behavior. Psycho-motor behaviors that have to be taught in writing and writing skills should be considered as the ergonomics of writing. The aim of this study is to determine the behaviors of fourth grade students which are unsuitable for the ergonomics of the manuscripts they write during the writing and to what extent they do this. The method of the research is the field research method which aims to examine the phenomena and phenomena within their natural conditions. For this purpose, a qualitative research technique, observation technique was used. The study population consists of fourth grade students attending primary schools in the villages and towns of Yozgat. A total of 203 fourth grade students from this universe were chosen as samples In this the study, it was observed that the students made mistakes related to the pen grip. The students put more pressure on the index finger than the pen grip, the friction of the side of the hand on the paper, the wrong side of the pen, the wrong positioning of the handle, the mis-positioning of the wrist and the friction of the writing arm on the paper; not to adjust the distance between the eye and the paper, to lie on the free hand and to be able to position the feet correctly in relation to the correct fit; In case of using the empty hand, they hold the paper in the wrong place and make fixing errors. It was observed that students made relatively less mistakes in positioning paper. It was observed that only 7.3% of the students write correctly for ergonomics of writing.