9/11 terrorist attacks in the USA have completely changed the core of fear in the west and the western intelligence services have found their new enemy that will help them to legalize their activities against Eastern countries. In this context, John Le Carré's novel, A Most Wanted Man gives a clear portrait of the Post-Cold War world. The protagonist, Issa, is a Muslim Chechen prisoner who flees from jail in Istanbul and wishes to study medicine in Europe has caused a war among western intelligence services. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse Islamophobia and Post 9/11 syndrome by focusing on the activities of intelligence services through specific examples quoted from the novel.

Non-western masculinities were extensively shaped by the Western colonizer to a large extent. It has been frequently discussed that Western colonizers in South America, Africa, and Asia deliberately aimed to establish a hetenormative gender order and boost patriarchy so as to break the mould of non-heteronormative and fluid concepts of gender in indigenous cultures and to ensure social and political domination by redesigning gender representations. The patriarchal understanding is dominant in the Global South, especially in Arab masculinities. In addition, a guarantee of the autonomy of the Western sense of masculinity is the feminization of marginalized cultures. In this way, Western hegemonic masculinity guarantees its global domination. Feminizing the religion of Islam as the other is a severe source of crisis for Western immigrant Arab masculinities because the man, who continues to dominate in his own culture, becomes the party whose own culture is feminized in his new society. In this context, this study aims to discuss the feminization of Islam in the Global North on a theoretical basis by focusing on Robin Yassin-Kassab's novel The Road from Damascus and examining the immigrant Arab masculinity crises with examples from the novel.

Although Islamophobia is an ancient phenomenon, it has come to the fore, especially after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and Islam has been put forward as the new enemy of the West. The fear of Islam, whose existence is generally scrutinized in Western society, is not created by Western societies alone. Political Islam doctrine placed the religion based on political ambitions and advanced in line with the understanding of radical Islam and fuelled the phenomenon of Islamophobia among Muslim communities. The basis where these effects can be examined most clearly is the Muslim immigrant communities living in the West. Leila Aboulela observes these damages of polical Islam, reflects it in her works, and compares the 19th and 21st-century understandings of Islamophobia through two parallel stories narrated in her novelThe Kindness of Enemies. She explains how political and radical Islam differentiates Islamophobia and unfolds how the Muslim immigrants were affected with vivid examples. In this context, this article aims to embody the relationship between Islamophoiba and political Islam, to discuss the effect of Islamophobia in Western Muslim immigrant communities with quatotions exemplifying the discussion in the novel.

The global policies and conflicts that developed with the beginning of the 20th century have triggered global refugee crises for more than a century and made the crisis of belonging and adaptation problems controversial. The First and Second World Wars and the subsequent Cold War period, the freedom struggles of the colonial states, the Gulf War and finally, the Syrian civil war have always kept the refugee crisis on the agenda. Refugee problems and migrant identities, which also find a vast place in literature, have been widely discussed from a postcolonial perspective. However, refugee children and their psychological struggles have generally remained invisible, both politically and socially, and these children, who have to face adult problems in their children's world, have always been left out of the agenda. In this context, Alan Gratz's novel Refugee makes the invisible visible and provides a good basis for discussing refugee children and identity crises. The novel, which consists of three different stories set at different times, has linked past refugee crises with today's problems and has attracted a lot of attention globally by conveying the 1938 Germany, 1994 Cuba and 2015 Syrian refugee crises from the perspective of young adolescents. In conclusion, this study aims to focus on the different child refugee characters in Alan Gratz's novel Refugee, discuss the identity crises of the invisible child refugees from postcolonial and neo-colonial perspectives, and put the subject on a scientific basis.

This essay examines how Western Muslim immigrants are portrayed in Leila Aboulela's novel Minaret. The study examines how the protagonists in the novel manage their identities as Muslims living in a Western setting using a postcolonial and diasporic framework, taking into account the difficulties presented by Islamophobia in the West and the stereotypical representation of political Islam. The article makes the case that Aboulela delivers a rich and nuanced representation of Muslim immigrants through a close reading of the book, one that challenges basic assumptions and emphasizes the variety of experiences within this community. The novel's characters are depicted as struggling with a variety of identity-related concerns, such as the conflict between tradition and modernity, the significance of faith in defining identity, and the difficulties of assimilating into a foreign society. The essay also examines how Aboulela's portrayal of Islamophobia and prejudice in the West illuminates the realities of Muslim immigrants in Western nations and how her complex depiction of political Islam defies simplistic stereotypes of the faith. Aboulela emphasizes the significance of acknowledging the diversity of Muslim experiences and identities through her depiction of the difficulties of identity building and the realities of diasporic groups. The research concludes by arguing that Minaret provides insightful information on how Muslim immigrants negotiate their role in society, particularly in light of ongoing discussions about Islam and Muslims in the West.