Background: Prostate cancer prevalent cancer in males above sixty-five worldwide, this lead to the introduction of screening of the PSA and using of the transrectal ultrasound scanning, and sextant biopsy of the prostate. Objectives: To compare the accuracy of the Transrectal Ultrasound guided biopsy (TRUS/BX) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases and Surgery (GHRDS), with specific considerations to the digital rectal examination (DRE) findings and prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective, descriptive small-scale hospital based study. A total of 297 patients with clinically symptomatic enlarged prostate underwent transrectal ultrasound guided true cut needle biopsy of the prostate were studied in (GHRDS) in the period from June2006 to June2009. Results: The majority 188 (63.3%) of patients were between 50-70 years of age. Abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) like obliteration of the median sulcus, and fixed mucosa revealed higher incidence of carcinoma prostate (CaP) with a significant value (p = 0.0000). PSA level showed significant relation (p = 0.0001) with the diagnosis of carcinoma prostate. Transrectal U/S findings well correlated to the histopathological results, where abnormal findings (like hypo-echoic lesions or calcifications and cysts) showed higher incidence of malignancy in 46 patients constitute 52.8% of the abnormal U/S findings. Conclusions and recommendations: PSA level is highly sensitive but less specific in detection of prostate cancer. Normal DRE doesn't exclude prostate cancer, fixed mucosa and obliterated median sulcus has the highest predictors of cancer prostate in DRE. Presence of calcifications and cyst on trans-rectal ultrasound has the highest liability for cancer prostate in compare to the other ultrasonic findings.

End stage renal disease constitutes a public health problem globally. One of methods of solution of this problem is hemodialysis. To determine factors related to duration of hemodialysis among Sudanese Patients. It was a cross-sectional survey. Fifty Sudanese Patients on regular hemodialysis at Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases & Surgery, Gezira State, Sudan; were selected. Independent variables were age, gender, marital status, level of education, occupation, presence and types of congenital anomalies of urinary system. Dependent variable was hemodialysis. Investigation was done using structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Age range was 19-70 years. Male gender was predominant (62%) among study population. Generally duration of hemodialysis is higher among male. Sixty six percent of respondents were married. There was no statistical association between marital status and duration of hemodialysis. Thirty eight percent were graduated from secondary school, university, and postgraduate studies. Majority of the rest were either illiterateor graduated from Holly Quran School (Khalwa), or primary school. About 78% of study population either non-employed or from low economical class. There was strong statistical association between occupation and duration of hemodialysis. Rate of congenital anomalies was 12%. There was statistical relationship between both presence and types of congenital anomalies of renal system and duration of hemodialysis among study population. Economically active age group was more affected than others. Duration of hemodialysis was higher among male. Unmarried respondents were more vulnerable than married groups. Duration of hemodialysis was longer among respondents with low socioeconomic status and among respondents having congenital anomalies of renal system. Screening for presence of congenital anomalies of renal system among general population may be of great help.

End stage renal disease is an irreversible renal damage leading to impairment of renal function and failure of filtration of metabolic wastes from the blood. To determine the socio-demographic characteristics of Sudanese Patients on Hemodialysis at Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases and Surgery, Gezira State, Sudan; 2018. It was an observational study. Independent variables were socio-demographic characteristics. Dependent variable was hemodialysis. A questionnaire was used to obtain the required data. SPSS version 21 was used for data entry and analysis. Chi square test was used and P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sixty two percent of respondents were male. Minimum age was 19 years while maximum age was 70 years. Maximum affected age group was age group (36-45) years; followed by age groups (46-55) and (56-65) years. Minimum age at which disease was diagnosed was 13 years while maximum was 67 years. Regarding residency was as follow: Two percent from East State, 2% from West State, and 96% from Central State. For education: Twenty percent were illiterate, 6.0% Quranic School (Khalwa), 36% primary school, 14% secondary school, 14% university graduate, and 10% had postgraduate certificate. Their occupation was as follows: Twenty percent were labors, 8% were farmers, 6% were employee, 2% were merchants, 4% were students, 24% were households, 2% was from the medical field, 4% were nonemployee and 30% did not identify their occupations. Sixty six percent were married. Male is more prone to heamodialysis than female. Risk for heamodialysis increases with increased age. The married rate is an important factor related to the outcome of ESRD. Low levels of education together with low income level of employment are important factors related to ESRD.

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Congenital anomalies of urinary system are of wide spectrum ranging from mild, asymptomatic malformations to severe fatal conditions. To investigate occurrence of congenital anomalies in urinary system. It was a cross-sectional study. Study populations were Sudanese patients with ESRD on regular hemodialysis attending Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases & Surgery, Gezira State, Sudan. Independent variables were horseshoe kidney, polycystic kidney disease, double ureter or ureteral duplication, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, posterior urethral valves, hypogenesis, agenesis, and kidney position. Dependent variable was hemodialysis. Investigation was done using abdominal ultrasound. Personal data was obtained using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Thirty one (62%) of respondents was male. Minimum age was 19 years while maximum age was 70 years. Maximum affected age group was age group (36-45) years; followed by age groups (46-55) and (56-65) years. Minimum age at which disease was diagnosed was 13 years. Overall prevalence was 12%. Four types of congenital anomalies were encountered and these are: polycystic kidney disease, uretero-pelvic junction obstruction, hypogenesis, and agenesis. Minimum disease duration was 1 year while maximum duration was 16 years. Mean duration was 6.42 years. Gender distribution of these types was as follows: Male (Two cases of polycystic kidney disease, one case of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and one case of agenesis); female (one case of polycystic kidney disease, and one case of hypogenesis). Duration of disease is higher among male. Conclusion and recommendation: The current study highlighted a significant statistical relationship of the congenital anomalies in the urinary system among respondents and duration of ESRF. Screening for presence of congenital anomalies of renal system among general population of Central State may be of great help.