Aim: To determine the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in Punjab. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad from 1st October 2021 to 31st March 2022. Methodology: One hundred and fifty pregnant females were enrolled, clinically assessed for their anemic status and were divided into two groups in reference to suspicion of anemia. Group A had those pregnant females who were suspected for anemia while group B were with no suspicion of anemia. Both Group A and Group B had 75 pregnant females. The complete blood count and serum analysis of ferritin, iron and folic acid was performed in each patient after withdrawal of 5cc blood. The demographic details of each patient as well as dietary habits in context of meat, fruit and vegetables from last month were also documented. Results: There were 37.3% pregnant females within suspected anemia group while 36% pregnant females in no suspected anemia group. The frequency of abortion was higher in group A than B with an odds ration as 1.17-1.18. There were more over weight and obese women in suspected anemia Group A while under-weight were more common in Group B. Pregnant females in Group A were consuming less amount of meat, fruit and vegetables than females in group B. The suspected anemia pregnant females blood analysis reports showed 74.6% been iron deficient in comparison with 41.3% non-suspected pregnant females Conclusion: Anemia was prevalent in both suspected and unsuspected group and 75% of the suspected anemia group were also iron deficient. Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia, Pregnancy, Hemoglobin, Incidence, Developing countries

Aim: To determine the association between Covid-19 and diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine & Respiratory Physiology, Independent Medical College Faisalabad from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methodology: Fifty five patients received at outdoor patient department of Independent University Hospital with confirmed diagnosis for Covid-19 through naso-pharyngeal reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and aged 13-65 years were included. The complete medical files of each confirmed Covid-19 case was completely studied in relevance to diabetes mellitus association and compared with normal matched controls that only visited the OPD against the suspicion of the disease and underwent complete biochemical profiling. The baseline levels of HbA1C and glucose monitoring in each patient and control was done and compared. Results: The mean age of the CoVid-19 cases was 39.5±5.3 years while of controls as 25.65±4.3 years. There was an obvious significant variance in the odds ratio of Covid-19 patients and those of controls in reference to diabetes mellitus. A significant increase was observed in Odds Ratio of Covid-19 cases within the age group of 51-65 years. The Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI) categories also presented, ECI >5 to be higher in Covid-19 cases than controls. Conclusion: There is a higher risk of diabetes new onset in Covid-19 confirmed cases as compared to matched controls. Key words: Covid-19, Incidence, Alarming, Diabetes, Socioeconomic

Objective: To examine the indications and histopathological analysis of hysterectomy specimens. Study Design: Prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Shaikh Zayed Women Hospital Larkana from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Fifty women undergoing hysterectomies with an age greater than 18 years were enrolled as study participants. Partial or complete hysterectomy was performed in each patient and the samples gained post hysterectomy were placed in 10 percent formalin until histopathological examination was performed. The process of hysterectomy was done by a qualified surgeon keeping quality surgical standards. Demographic details including age, gender as well as other information regarding clinical symptoms, diagnosis and clinical history were documented on a well-structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 34.4±5.4 years with most of the women within the age group of 40-49 years and 68% of the women with abundant menstrual bleed followed by presentation of abdominal mass. In most of the females a uterus fibroid was presented whereas UV prolapse was also common in women indicating towards hysterectomy. Leiomyoma was presented highest on histopathological report findings such as in 29% of the cases followed with adenomyosis reporting. Conclusion: Every hysterectomy sample should be evaluated properly and timely for post-operative management and for the exact diagnosis of underlying disease. Keywords: Hysterectomy; Evacuation; Pathology; Malignancies

Objective: To find out the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia among the population of KPK. Study Designed: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and duration of Study: OPD of tertiary care hospitals of KPK, Khyber Teaching Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: Four hundred patients visiting to OPD of tertiary care hospitals of KPK, Khyber Teaching Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar were enrolled. Both male and female were included from 17 to 24 years visiting to the hospital were included. All patients on any medication for any systemic illness like asthma, TB, cardiac issues, liver problems etc. patients suffering from eye disorders like glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis etc. and patients who refused to give consent and uncooperative patients were excluded from the study. Results: Two hundred and seventy seven got normal eye structure, function and vision while 123 got abnormal eye vision, with the frequency of myopia 26.5% (106) while hyperopia was 4.3% (17). Among gender the refractive errors of an eye was found to be 25% in male while 35.5% in female pvalue-0.024. The frequency of refractive error was not significant in age 17, 18, 23 and 24years the refractive error was found to be less as compare to age 19-22 years the refractive errors were seen to be greater. The patients visiting to hospital for eye examination with abnormal refractive errors were 41.1% while the result was significant p value was 0.0001. Genetically 1st order birth got 40% refractive errors while other got 23.5% the results were significant (P=0.004). Conclusion: The prevalence of eye defects related to refractive errors was present among adult population of KPK. Age is not related to refractive errors and refractive errors can be genetically determine. Key words: Myopia, Hyperopia, Refractive errors, Birth order

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine whether the work locus of control is a moderator of the relationship between counterproductive behavior at work and work stressors. Methods: To investigate this relationship, 346 full-time working adults employed at Nishter hospital Multan and Allied hospital Faisalabad were surveyed during the period from January 2019 to January 2020via three checklist questionnaires. Using hierarchical regression analysis, both main and moderator effect were tested in order to determine whether work locus of control influence employee’s tendencies engage in counterproductive behavior in response to work stressors. Results: Shows that the work locus of control interacts significantly with work stressors in predicting counterproductive behavior at work, suggesting that the work locus of control is an important variable to consider when studying productive behavior at work. The implications of these findings and ideas for future research are discussed. Conclusion: CWB has a detrimental effect on organizations and individuals related with the organization; therefore, organizations should be attentive of the probable influences influencing employee participation in CWB. Keywords: Counterproductive behavior at work, Deviations in the workplace, Location of control in the workplace, Stress at work, Personality