The spreading dynamics and control of infectious agents primarily depend on the connectivity properties of underlying networks. Here, we investigate the stability of a susceptibleinfected-susceptible epidemic model incorporated with multiple infection stages and propagation vectors to mimic malware behavior over scale-free communication networks. In particular, we derive the basic reproductive ratio (R 0 ) and provide results for stability analysis at infection-free and infection-chronic equilibrium points. Based on R 0 , the effectiveness of four prevailing immunization strategies as countermeasures is studied and compared. The outperformance of proportional and targeted immunization is justified via numerical results.Index Terms-Malware modeling, epidemiology, scale-free network, basic reproductive ratio, stability analysis, immunization.

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Rumor is an unauthenticated statement that gives significant changes in the social life of the people, financial markets (stocks and trades), etc. By incorporating the dissemination of rumor through groups in social, mobile networks and by considering the people’s cognitive factor (hesitate and forget), a new model on the rumor spreading process is presented in this paper. The spreading dynamics of rumor in homogeneous and heterogeneous networks is analyzed by using mean-field theory. The reproduction number is obtained by using the next-generation matrix. The global stability of the rumor-free equilibrium for the homogeneous and heterogeneous model is proved elaborately. An optimal control problem is developed to minimize the hesitators and infected persons and the existence of optimality is shown using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle. The hesitating and forgetting mechanism has a great impact on the model and is similar to the real-life. Further, the control parameters work superior in controlling the spreading of rumors. Finally, the numerical results are verified by the analytical results.