The number of prior donations was inversely proportional to the risk of reaction; It was found that, first-time donors have a higher frequency of reactions (5.04%) than do repeat donors (4.96%).The value for first-time or repeated donor were significant (p<0.0001).Female donors are more vulnerable to adverse donor reaction than male donors (5.97%) (4.94%) (p<0.001). In this study it was also found that, fainting or vasovagal attack was more common in female donors (0.77 %) than male donors (0.35 %). It was also found incidence were more in first time donor (1.08%) than repeated donor (0.0%) in case of female donor. Adverse donor reaction after donation and complaints may be more common than previously thought. The post donation follow-up and interview is a good tool for defining the blood donor's experience. It can also be used to evaluate and potentially improve blood donor safety and comfort.

Both intraperitoneal (ip; systemic) and intratracheal (IT) administration of the bacterial endotoxin LPS have been used to elicit neuroinflammation. While both methods are reported to induce time‐dependent changes in expression levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the CNS, their effects on basal ventilatory activity remain to be characterized. Here, we report the ventilatory behavior (recorded using whole body plethysmography) before and after administration of LPS delivered either ip (5 mg/kg) or IT (0.5 mg/kg) in unanesthetized spontaneously breathing adult C57BL/6 male mice. Before LPS, ventilatory activity consisted of a fairly regular pattern of breathing, which included periodic short duration apneic pauses (as previously described in this strain) and occasional sighs. Both ip and IT LPS altered ventilatory activity; however, the effects were not identical. IP LPS (1) robustly increased breathing frequency and progressively decreased tidal volume and (2) reduced or eliminated the incidence of both apneic pauses and sighs. IT LPS (1) increased breathing frequency and progressively decreased tidal volume, but to a lesser extent than ip, (2) produced periods of dysrhythmic breathing, (3) prolonged the durations of the apneic pauses; and (4) increased the incidence of sighs. These findings indicate that while both methods of administration alter ventilatory activity, the resulting ventilatory patterns are markedly different. We suggest that differences in the extent of ip versus IT LPS‐induced neuroinflammatory changes in respiratory‐related brainstem and spinal cord regions mediate, at least in part, these different ventilatory behaviors.

Intratracheal (IT) administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) not only produces acute lung injury but also induces time‐dependent changes in expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in respiratory‐related brainstem regions. The influence of IT LPS on control of breathing, including the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), has received little attention. Therefore, we examined the effects of IT LPS administration (0.5 mg/kg) at 2‐, 6‐, and 24‐hr post‐LPS on the HVR (10% O2 for 60‐90 s; recorded using whole body plethysmography) and recovery from acute hypoxia in unanesthetized spontaneously breathing adult C57BL/6 male mice. Before LPS, the HVR was characterized by a robust increase in breathing frequency (fb) and tidal volume (VT). IT LPS not only altered the basal breathing pattern but also markedly blunted the hypoxia‐induced increase in fb and produced a slight attenuation of the increase in VT. Specifically, the hypoxia‐induced increase in fb was reduced from a range of 100‐178% increase pre‐LPS to 21‐36% increase post‐LPS; the hypoxia‐induced increase in VT was reduced from a range of 135‐177% increase pre‐LPS to 100‐140% increase post‐LPS. The effect on fb was greatest at 6‐hr post‐LPS while that on VT was greatest at 24‐hr post‐LPS. During recovery from hypoxia, before LPS, there was an increase in the incidence of sighs and spontaneous apneic pauses; however, after LPS, these behaviors were also attenuated. These findings indicate that IT LPS alters the acute HVR and its recovery in a time‐dependent manner, with a dominant effect being related to frequency modulation.

Intratracheal (IT) administration of LPS, which is often used as model of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in rodents, has been reported to induce time‐dependent changes in expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in respiratory‐related medullary regions. Little is known about the time course of alterations in ventilatory activity following IT LPS administration. Therefore, we examined the effects of IT LPS administration (0.5 mg/kg) on ventilatory behavior (recorded using whole body plethysmography) at 2‐, 6‐, 24‐, 48‐, 72‐, 96‐, and 120‐hr in unanesthetized spontaneously breathing adult C57BL/6 male mice. Before LPS, ventilatory activity was characterized by a regular pattern of breathing with spontaneous periodic short duration apneic pauses (as previously described in this strain) and periodic sighs. After LPS, multiple time‐dependent ventilatory behaviors were observed, with the most common patterns consisting of: (1) periods of dysrhythmic breathing characterized by clusters of typically 2‐3 (but as many as 6) breaths of varying magnitude in rapid succession, with each cluster being followed by an apneic pause of varying duration; (2) brief periods of regular stable breathing that exhibited increased frequency at 2‐hr, a return to pre‐LPS levels at 6‐hr, and an increase again at and after 24‐hr, with tidal volumes that were unchanged or reduced, especially at later time points; (3) numerous prolonged apneic pauses; and (4) an increased incidence of sighs. These findings indicate that IT LPS produces time‐dependent modulation of ventilatory activity, which may reflect the LPS‐induced differences in the cytokine expression profile.

Systemic administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is commonly used to study inflammation‐associated behavioral and biochemical changes in rodents that are attributed to neuroinflammation. Little is known, however, about the time course of alterations in ventilatory activity following systemic LPS administration. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of a single bolus of high dose LPS (5 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle (saline) on basal ventilatory behavior (recorded using whole body plethysmography) in unanesthetized spontaneously breathing adult C57BL/6 male mice at 2‐, 6‐, and 24‐hr post administration. Before LPS, ventilatory activity was characterized by a regular pattern of breathing that included spontaneous apneic pauses (which have been previously described in this strain) and periodic sighs. A similar ventilatory pattern was seen following saline administration. After LPS, changes in ventilatory activity were noted as early as 2‐hr, with the primary changes consisting of: (1) an increase in breathing frequency of up to 50% above pre‐LPS levels at 2‐hr post‐LPS, after which a progressive attenuation of the frequency increase to 蠄25% was noted; (2) a decrease in the incidence of apneic pauses and sighs by 2‐hr post‐LPS, after which both ventilatory behaviors were further reduced or eliminated; and (3) a progressive decrease in tidal volume. These findings indicate that systemic LPS administration produces time‐dependent modulation of ventilatory activity, which we propose results from the time‐dependent LPS‐induced changes in cytokine expression in respiratory‐related brainstem and spinal cord regions.