The number of prior donations was inversely proportional to the risk of reaction; It was found that, first-time donors have a higher frequency of reactions (5.04%) than do repeat donors (4.96%).The value for first-time or repeated donor were significant (p<0.0001).Female donors are more vulnerable to adverse donor reaction than male donors (5.97%) (4.94%) (p<0.001). In this study it was also found that, fainting or vasovagal attack was more common in female donors (0.77 %) than male donors (0.35 %). It was also found incidence were more in first time donor (1.08%) than repeated donor (0.0%) in case of female donor. Adverse donor reaction after donation and complaints may be more common than previously thought. The post donation follow-up and interview is a good tool for defining the blood donor's experience. It can also be used to evaluate and potentially improve blood donor safety and comfort.

Head and neck cancers encompass a diverse group of uncommon tumors that frequently are aggressive in their biological behaviors. Some new treatments are available, as are new ways of combining old treatments.

Background: Various treatment modalities have been applied for the management of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. However surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for IHPS of which Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy remains the surgical technique of choice. Objective: To see the outcome of surgical management of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by double-Y pyloromyotomy. Methods: A prospective interventional study of 40 patients with IHPS was carried out over a period of 2 years from July 2008 to July 2010. The patients were divided into 2 equal groups of 20 patients in each. All patients selected for study were optimized preoperatively regarding to hydration, acid-base status and electrolytes imbalance. All surgeries were performed after obtaining informed consent. Standard preoperative preparation and postoperative feeding regimes were used. The patients were operated on an alternate basis, i.e., one patient by Double-Y Pyloromyotomy (DY) and the next by a Ramstedt's Pyloromyotomy (RP). Data on patient demographics, operative time, anaesthesia complications and postoperative complications including vomiting and weight gain were collected. Patients were followed up for a period of 3 months postoperatively. Statistical assessments were done by using t test. Results: From July 2008 through July 2010, forty patients were finally analyzed for this study. Any statistical differences were observed in patient population regarding age, sex, weight at presentation, symptoms and clinical condition including electrolytes imbalance and acid-base status were recorded. Significant differences were found in postoperative vomiting and weight gain. Data of post operative vomiting and weight gain in both groups were collected. Vomiting in double-Y(DY) pyloromyotomy group vs Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy (RP) group was significant (p= 0.0001). Weight gain after 1st 10 days DY vs RP is 298 ± 57.94 gm vs 193±19.8 gm (p=0.0014), after 1 month 676.67±149.84 gm vs 466.67 ± 127.71 gm (p=0.0001), after 2 months 741.33± 278.74 gm vs 490±80.62 gm (p=0.002) and after 3 months 582±36.01gm vs 453.33±51.64 gm (p=0.0001). No long-term complications were reported and no re-do pyloromyotomy was needed. Conclusion: The double-Y pyloromyotomy seems to be a better technique for the surgical management of IHPS. It may offer a better functional outcome in term of postoperative vomiting and weight gain.

The potential effectiveness of various donation incentive programs may vary by demographics and first time or repeat status. Attitudes towards future incentives were obtained from 2,897 whole blood donors among 5,357 allogenic donors who return a questionnaire (54.08% response rate). Majority were first time donors 67.59% (1,958) with 32.41% (939) repeated donor. Majority of the respondents were male 68.52% (1,985), female 31.48% (912). Responses to incentives were compared between first time and repeat whole blood donors. Incentives most likely to encourage donation return among all 2,897 whole blood respondents were blood screening test (B.S.T), against transfusion transmitted infection (T.T.I) 71.65%, blood credits-61.55%, cash to charity-43.35% and gift-27.6%. The incentives that would be least likely to encourage return were a token or award of appreciation-15.85%. Few donors would be discouraged to return if offered B.S.T against T.T.I (0.25%), other miscellaneous incentives (1.31%), a gift (2.15%), a token of appreciation (1.95%).Compensatory incentives could potentially have a more negative impact because 7 to 9 percent of donors reported they would be discouraged for donating if they received cash or lottery or raffle ticket.Young (18-25 years old) donors were encouraged by B.S.T against T.T.I (58.4%) and older (51 years old) donors (58.4%); more than 2 hours off work (46.2% and 13.7%); community service and / or education credits ( 44.2% and 10.7%); or compensatory incentives (56.9% and 15.8% for cash to charity 57.8% and 26.7%); gifts (39.6% and 11.4%) or a token of appreciation (27.4% and 10.0%) respectively. Blood screening and blood credits would be well received at all donation sites. Gift, compensatory incentives and token of appreciation appeal more to younger donors. These data may allow blood centers to optimize recruitment by tailoring limited incentive recourses more effectively.

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