Bio-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out by utilizing the reducing and capping potential of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract. The capped ZnO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and SAED analyses. FTIR analysis suggested the role of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and proteins of A. paniculata leaf extract, in nucleation and stability of ZnO NPs. XRD pattern compared with the standard confirmed spectrum of zinc oxide particles formed in the present experiments were in the form of nanocrystals, as evidenced by the peaks at 2θ values. SEM and TEM analysis of ZnO NPs reveals those spherical and hexagonal shapes and the sizes at the range of 96-115 and 57 ± 0.3 nm, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles possess strong biological activities regarding anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory potentials which could be utilized in various biological applications by the cosmetic, food and biomedical industries.

This study reports the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by the reduction of HAuCl 4 by using of Eclipta prostrata leaf extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. AuNPs were characterized using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The UV-visible spectrum of the synthesized AuNPs showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) around 534 nm. The face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of the AuNPs was confirmed by XRD peaks at 38.10˝, 44.13˝, 64.43˝, and 77.32˝, which correspond to (111), (200), (220), and (311) miller indices, respectively, with clear circular spots in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED). FTIR measurements showed the AuNPs having a coating of phenolic compounds, indicating a possible role of biomolecules responsible for capping and efficient stabilization of the AuNPs. The HRTEM images determined the particles are spherical, hexagonal, and triangular in shape, with an average size of 31˘1.6 nm. The synthesized AuNPs show good antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity. The outcomes of this study indicate that these nanoparticles could be effectively utilized in pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and biomedical applications.

Among a large number of current biomedical applications in the use of medical devices, carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene (G), graphene oxides (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and carbon nanotube (CNT) are frontline materials that are suitable for developing medical devices. Carbon Based Nanomaterials (CBNs) are becoming promising materials due to the existence of both inorganic semiconducting properties and organic π-π stacking characteristics. Hence, it could effectively simultaneously interact with biomolecules and response to the light. By taking advantage of such aspects in a single entity, CBNs could be used for developing biomedical applications in the future. The recent studies in developing carbon-based nanomaterials and its applications in targeting drug delivery, cancer therapy, and biosensors. The development of conjugated and modified carbon-based nanomaterials contributes to positive outcomes in various therapies and achieved emerging challenges in preclinical biomedical applications. Subsequently, diverse biomedical applications of carbon nanotube were also deliberately discussed in the light of various therapeutic advantages.

Due to their appropriate physicochemical properties, nanoparticles are used in nanomedicine to develop drug delivery systems for anticancer therapy. In biomedical applications, metal oxide nanoparticles are used as powerful and flexible multipurpose agents. This work described a green synthesis of Y2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using the sol-gel technique with the use of aqueous leaf extracts of Lantana camara L (LC). These nanoparticles were characterized with the aid of different methods, including UV, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmitted electron microscopy (TEM), and photocatalytic degradation. Y2O3 nanoparticles showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli with a 10 to 15 mm inhibitory zone. Green Y2O3 NPs were released with a 4 h lag time and 80% sustained release rate, indicating that they could be used in drug delivery. In addition, the bioavailability of green Y2O3 NPs was investigated using cell viability in cervical cancer cell lines. These green-synthesized Y2O3 NPs demonstrated photocatalytic degradation, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

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