Currently, new methods of energy transformation are of interest. The results of the researches in the directions of anisotropic transformation of electric energy show that the existing devices are characterized by a small coefficient of transformation. This is primarily due to the use of unipolar anisotropic materials and the appearance, as a result, in their volumes the electric vortices that are characterized by a laminar flow. This article proposes a new method of energy transformation, which is carried out by means of vortices with turbulent character of flow. According to our studies, such vortices appear in devices working on the basis of bipolar anisotropic materials. Depending on the characteristics of such material, they can be used as generators of electricity, heat, and cold. Their work is based on the transformation of the electric current by the bipolar anisotropic electric conductive medium and their further interaction with the external energy environment. These anisotropic materials in selected crystallographic directions are characterized by different p‐ and n‐types of conductivity providing the presence of ohmic contact between the layers. The leakage of the external electrical current of the sinusoidal form through this rectangular plate causes the appearance in its volume the electric current vortices with turbulent character of the current. For the first time it is shown that such a method of energy transformation is an effective mechanism that transfers energy between the external environment and the anisotropic plate.

Purpose. Investigation of the peculiarities of the electric field energy conversion by an anisotropic meta-medium with a negative value of the dielectric constant in one of the selected main crystallographic directions. Methodology. Research was carried out using methods of physical and mathematical modeling of anisotropic metadielectric converter; using methods to optimize the function of the dependence of the conversion factor m, anisotropic metadielectric converter, on the angle α between one of the crystallographic axes and the edge of the platinum a, at fixed anisotropy coefficients of metadielectric material. Findings. For the first time, the peculiarities of the  electric field transformation by an anisotropic meta-medium with a negative value of the dielectric constant in one of the selected main crystallographic directions were studied. It is established that at the moment of application to the upper and lower faces  of the anisotropic metadielectric plate, which is the basis of the anisotropic metadielectric converter, some potential difference leads to polarization of its volume and the emergence of both longitudinal  and transverse components of the vortex electric field. This situation leads to axial folding of its internal field, which in turn causes the appearance of micro-vortices of the electric field, given by the expression , where  - the circular time of rotation of the micro-vortex, and signs "+" and "-" - indicate the direction of its rotation. Such axial electric micro vortices are an efficient mechanism that pumps energy between the physical vacuum and, in our case, the anisotropic metadielectric plate of the transducer. The dependence of the transformation coefficient m of this medium on the value of anisotropy  is analyzed. Studies have shown that in the interval   the value of m is characterized by a negative value, and in the interval  – positive, this allowed us to determine the areas of stable existence of different types of energy. The use of metadielectric material in comparison with the classical one is characterized by values of m>1. Note that in some cases there is an abnormal increase in the coefficient. Originality. Using the representations of vortex electrodynamics, the mechanism of energy interaction between the vortex electric field of an anisotropic metaenvironment and the physical vacuum is proposed. Practical value.  A model of the original design of an anisotropic metadielectric converter is proposed. Areas of its practical use in the form of generators of electricity, heat and cold are determined, calculated expressions for their efficiency are in the range η = 0.5 ÷ 0.98, and the cooling temperature can reach the temperature of liquid helium.

Peculiarities of electric current distribution in an anisotropic electrically conductive medium are considered and dependences of its longitudinal and transverse components on geometrical factors are established. In the case of a rectangular plate of length a, height b, and width c, the selected crystallographic axes are located in the plane of the side face (a × b), and one of these axes is oriented at an angle α to the edge α. Application to the upper and lower end faces of the plate of some potential difference leads to the appearance of longitudinal and transverse components of the flowing electric current.  This leads to the possibility of transforming the electric current magnitude. The methods of optimizing the transformation coefficient magnitude which is determined by both the magnitude of the anisotropy of the electrical conductivity of the plate material and the coefficient of its shape k = a/b. The design variants of anisotropic electrically conductive transformers are proposed. The use of this transformation effect makes it possible to expand the practical use of electroohmic phenomena. This principle of transformation will expand the areas of its use in metrology and measurement technology.

The authors consider the aspects of electric current distribution in electrically conductive anisotropic medium and establish how geometrical factors affect its longitudinal and transverse components. In the case of an a×b×с rectangular plate, its selected crystallographic axes are located on the plane of the side face a×b, whereas one of these axes is oriented at an angle α to the edge a. Applying a certain potential difference to the upper and lower end faces of the plate causes the appearance of longitudinal and transverse components of the internal electric current. The paper demonstrates the possibility of transforming the magnitude of the electric current and a way to optimize this magnitude. The transformation coefficient of such a device is determined by the anisotropy of the electrical conductivity of the plate and the coefficient of its shape k = a/b. The authors consider a few versions of anisotropic dielectric transformer design and offer their equivalent electric circuits. Another suggested transformer design is spiral in shape, compact and is characterized by high transformation coefficient value n. For example, at external radius r1 = 12,5 mm, internal radius r2 = 2 mm, height b = 2 mm and plate thickness c = 2,0 mm, its transformation coefficient n = 103. The information is given on existing monocrystalline and artificial anisotropic materials that can be used for the proposed device. High-temperature superconducting materials characterized by a high value of residual resistance anisotropy hold special promise in this case. Using the described transformation effect will significantly expand the possibilities of practical application of the considered electroohmic phenomenon. This will lead to the emergence of a new generation of devices for microwave technology, electronics and power engineering.

The authors consider the aspects of the electric field distribution in an anisotropic medium and establish how its longitudinal and transverse components depend on the geometric factors. A rectangular plate of dimensions a×b×c is studied, its selected crystallographic axes located in the plane of the side face (a×b), while one of the axes is oriented at a certain angle α to the edge a. It is shown that applying a certain potential difference to the upper and lower faces electrically polarizes the volume of the plate and causes the appearance of the longitudinal and transverse components of the internal electric field. The authors investigate the possibility of transforming the magnitude of the electric field and methods for its optimization. The transformation coefficient of such a device is determined by the anisotropy of the dielectric permeability of the plate material and its shape coefficient k = a/b. The paper considers one of the design options for an anisotropic dielectric transformer and proposes its equivalent electrical circuit. Structural elements based on anisotropic dielectric transformers may be widely used both in power supplies of various electronic devices and for coordination of radar transceiver systems with antenna arrays of centimeter, millimeter and submillimeter wavelength ranges. The possibility of simultaneous transformation of constant and alternating electric fields allows them to be used in devices of simultaneous comparison, enabling to determine the current values of voltage, as well as the power of electromagnetic radiation in a wide range of wavelengths. The vortex nature of the electric field in the plate’s volume caused by the coefficient anisotropy of the dielectric permeability also creates the preconditions for the emergence of new principles for generating high-power electromagnetic radiation in a wide spectral range. The generation frequency of such devices is determined by the geometric dimensions of the anisotropic plate. The use of the described transformation effect will significantly expand the possibilities of practical application of the considered electrostatic phenomena, which will lead to the emergence of a new generation of devices for microwave technology, electronics and electric power.