In an attempt to solve as much of the AAAI Robot Challenge as possible, five research institutions representing academia, industry and government, integrated their research in a single robot named GRACE. This paper describes this first year effort by the GRACE team, and describes not only the various techniques each participant brought to GRACE, but also the difficult integration effort itself.

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In this chapter, we review the pervasiveness of cyber threats and the roles of both attackers and cyber users (i.e. the targets of the attackers); the lack of awareness of cyber-threats by users; the complexity of the new cyber environment, including cyber risks; engineering approaches and tools to mitigate cyber threats; and current research to identify proactive steps that users and groups can take to reduce cyberthreats. In addition, we review the research needed on the psychology of users that poses risks to users from cyber-attacks. For the latter, we review the available theory at the individual and group levels that may help individual users, groups and organizations take actions against cyber threats. We end with future research needs and conclusions. In our discussion, we first agreed that cyber threats are making cyber environments more complex and uncomfortable for average users; second, we concluded that various factors are important (e.g., timely actions are often necessary in cyber space to counter the threats of the attacks that commonly occur at internet speeds, but also the 'slow and low'attacks that are difficult to detect, threats that occur only after pre-specified conditions have been satisfied that trigger an unsuspecting attack). Third, we concluded that advanced persistent threats (APTs) pose a risk to users but also to national security (viz., the persistent threats posed by other Nations). Fourth, we contend that using "red" teams to search cyber defenses for vulnerabilities encourages users and organizations to better defend themselves. Fifth, the current state of theory leaves many questions unanswered that researchers must pursue to mitigate or neutralize present and future threats. Lastly, we agree with the literature that cyber space has had a dramatic impact on American life and that the cyber domain is a breeding ground for disorder. However, we also believe that actions by users and researchers can be taken to stay safe and ahead of existing and future threats. The Cyber ProblemIntroduction In our approach to cyber threats, we will review the increasing complexity of, and risks in, the new cyber environment. We will discuss cyber defenses and tools used in defenses, such as the use of engineering to mitigate cyber threats. More fully, we will review and discuss the pervasiveness of cyber-attacks from multiple perspectives: first at the individual level from the perspective of the human attacker and the user, the attacker's target; and second from the perspective of teams and organizations. We end with future research needs and conclusions.

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The problem of automatically recognizing a user's operational context, the implications of its shifting properties, and reacting in a dynamic manner are at the core of mission intelligence and decision making. Environments such as the OZONE Widget Framework (http://www.owfgoss.org) (OWF) provide the foundation for capturing the objectives, actions, and activities of both the mission analyst and the decision maker. By utilizing a "context container" that envelops an OZONE Application, we hypothesize that both user action and intent can be used to characterize user context with respect to operational modality (strategic, tactical, opportunistic, or random). As the analyst moves from one operational modality to another, we propose that information visualization techniques should adapt and present data and analysis pertinent to the new modality and to the trend of the shift. As a system captures the analyst's actions and decisions in response to the new visualizations, the context container has the opportunity to assess the analyst's perception of the information value, risk, uncertainty, prioritization, projection, and insight with respect to the current context stage. This paper will describe a conceptual architecture for an adaptive work environment for inferring user behavior and interaction within the OZONE framework, in order to provide the decision B. Newsom