1 Российский государственный социальный университет (г. Москва) 2 Центра реабилитации инвалидов и инвалидов детства (г. Санкт-Петербург) ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПОМОЩЬ ЛИЧНОСТИ, ПЕРЕЖИВАЮЩЕЙ КРИЗИС СТАРОСТИ Аннотация. В статье поднимается проблема оказания психологической помощи людям в период кризиса столкновения со старостью. Усиление социальной потребности в психологической помощи пожилым людям объясняется, с одной стороны, особенностями личностного и социального развития человека в данном возрастном периоде, а с другойфеноменом старения населения; раскрывается содержание понятия «кризис старости», ставится проблема определения временных рамок старости как возрастного периода жизни человека; приведены результаты эмпирического исследования особенностей личности в возрасте кризиса перехода к старости; дана социально-психологическая характеристика мужчин и женщин, переживающих кризис старости, и представлена авторская программа оказания им психологической помощи; приведены результаты апробации программы. Ключевые слова: личность в возрасте перехода к старости, кризис старости, психологическая помощь, биографический и нарративный подходы, метод рассказывания историй, метод написания автобиографии; программа психологической помощи клиентам, переживающим кризис старости.Abstract. The article raises the problem of providing psychological support to people facing the old age crisis. The growing need in psychological care for older people is explained, on the one hand, by the peculiarities of personal and social development characteristic for this age period, and, on the other hand, by the phenomenon of population ageing. The content of the concept "old age crisis" is interpreted. The problem of determining the time frame of the old age as the age of human life period is put forward. The author's program of providing them a psychological support is presented. The results of testing the program are given. Key words: personality at the age of transition to old age, old age crisis, biographical and narrative approaches, story-telling method, method of biography-writing, program of psychological support to clients experiencing the old age crisis.1 Феномен старения населения -проблема не только социально-демографическая, но и социально-психологическая. Превращение общества в «мир старых

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Introduction. There are more working students in Russia than non-working ones, but studies alongside employment are mainly due to the focus on earnings, not on professional and personal growth. The research purpose is to establish differences between working and non-working students in a number of personal parameters, the change of which can affect the atmosphere in society. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 153 students from Moscow universities. Types of personality orientation, altruism, life position and the degree of adequacy of life perception, empathy were studied. The method of psychological testing was used, as well as the following four techniques: personality orientation test by B. Bass; diagnostics of "altruism/egoism" personal orientation; graphic test "Spider, Web, Victim" by N. Dia; polycommunicative empathy test by I.M. Yusupov. Mathematical and statistical methods were used: Student's t-test, correlation analysis (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient). Results. It has been established that the orientation towards work dominates in the sample, while its indicator in the group of working students is lower than in the group of non-working students and in the total sample (t = 2.775 at p = 0.007), while the indicator of orientation towards communication is higher. In the group of working students, the proportion of altruists was about 8%, in the group of non-working students it was 20%; however, in the group of working students, the proportion of true altruists is higher. In the group of working students, there are fewer activists in life (about 46%) than in the group of non-working students (56%), while in the group of working students there are much more of those who are in the position of “victim” (about 27% versus 16%). In the group of working students, the proportion of people with a high degree of adequacy of life perception is about 58%, in the group of non-working students – more than 61%. Discussion and conclusion. It has been established that working students are less “businesslike”, but more “sociable” (“spread themselves too thin”) and empathic, more often feel like a “victim” and have a relatively lower degree of adequacy of life perception. Non-working students have lost their main condition for minimizing the identified undesirable differences with working classmates – group communication in the classroom.

The article presents the results of a psychological survey of 90 employees, who determined the level of organizational stress and a degree of development of two professionally important qualities - stress tolerance and resilience. Three psychodiagnostic methods were used: 1) K. McLean scale of organizational stress in N. Vodopyanova's adaptation; 2) the method of studying stress tolerance as a socio-psychological quality of a person; 3) S. Muddy test of resilience. It was found that about 75% of employees deferred by a low overall level of organizational stress and at the same time they had a high level of stress tolerance and resilience; 17% of employees demonstrated a high level of organizational stress, 6% of which was characterized by a low level of stress tolerance. The consistent patterns are established as a result of the correlation analysis: the more active and productive an employee is, the higher his resilience and vice versa; the older the employee, the lower his control indicator; with increasing work experience, flexibility in employee behavior increases. The results of a comparative analysis by gender mark significant differences in the overall level of stress tolerance (higher among women) and the ability of self-knowledge (more developed among men). The psychological conditions for increasing stress tolerance and resilience on an individual level, as well as social and psychological conditions for reducing organizational stress are described.

The authors discuss the problem of developing the self-efficacy of penitentiary systems employees. It is an urgent problem because this personal meta-quality of Russian penitentiary systems employees has not been studied sufficiently. At the same time, according to available research, a high level of self-efficacy makes it possible even for a moderately gifted person to achieve significant results. The paper presents the results of an empirical study carried out by the authors in 2018. They surveyed 117 penitentiary systems employees with the purpose of researching their self-efficacy, identifying its connection with life orientations and motivation for achievements (aspirations). The aim of the study was the verification of the hypothesis that certain psychological characteristics of employees hinder the development of their self-efficacy - inadequate motivation for achievements (aspirations) and insufficient awareness of the meaningfulness of life. The verification method for the hypothesis was psychological testing: self-efficacy level methodology by J.E. Maddux and M. Sherer (as modified by A.V. Boyarintseva); «MAS» motivation study methodology by M.L. Kubyshkina; «Life Orientations» test by D.A. Leontyev, as well as methods of mathematical statistics for data processing (comparative analysis using Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson correlation analysis). It is noted that the surveyed employees have a rather high level of self-efficacy in «substantive activity», while the self-efficiency in «interpersonal communication» is low. The authors present the results of a comparative analysis of data from two groups selected depending on how well this parameter is developed, and on their gender. The correlation data analysis results demonstrated a strong positive correlation between both parameters of self-efficacy - substantive activity and interpersonal communication - with all indicators of the general level of awareness of the meaningfulness of life. The authors conclude that insufficient competence of employees in the sphere of interpersonal communication, competitiveness that increases with age, insufficient awareness of the meaningfulness of some aspects of life hinders the development of their self-efficacy, which is more typical of female employees. The authors also present a structure of the process of improving the self-efficacy of penitentiary systems employees.