Introduction Previously, active phone use at bedtime has been implicated in disrupted sleep and related complaints. To improve sleep, a recommendation following such findings is limiting phone use before and during bedtime. However, for those with the characteristic of “nomophobia”, fear of being out of mobile phone contact, this recommendation could exacerbate anxiety at and around bedtime and disrupt, rather than improve, sleep. In 2012, an estimated 77% of 18-24-year-olds could be identified as nomophobic. Because of the prevalence of nomophobia and its possible interaction with sleep, we explored the existence of nomophobia in a college-age population and its relationship to sleep, sleepiness, and sleep hygiene behaviors. Methods 327 university students (age: M=19.7 years, SD=3.78) recruited from introductory psychology courses and campus newsletters were given extra credit or a chance to win $25 gift cards for participation. Participants completed demographic information, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, questions regarding associated features of inadequate sleep hygiene, and the Sleep Hygiene Index. Additional sleep hygiene questions assessed frequency of active and passive technology use during sleep time. Results 89.4% of the participants had moderate or severe nomophobia. Greater nomophobia was significantly related to greater daytime sleepiness (ESS) (r(293)=.150, p<.05), associated features of poor sleep (daytime sleepiness: r(297)=.097, p<.05, and avolition: r(297)=.100, p<.05), more maladaptive sleep hygiene behaviors including active technology use during sleep time (r(298)=.249, p<.05), long daytime naps, inconsistent wake and bed times, using bed for non-sleep purposes, uncomfortable bed, and bedtime cognitive rumination (r’s=0.097 to 0.182). Conclusion Most participants experienced moderate to severe nomophobia with greater nomophobia associated with greater sleepiness, avolition, and poorer sleep hygiene. Nomophobia is likely to be an important consideration when treating sleep disorders and/or making any sleep hygiene recommendations. Support Hendrix College Charles Brewer Fund for Psychology
Introduction We examined the relationship between bedtime active and passive social technology use (self and bedpartner) and daytime sleepiness/sleep. We generated questions to differentiate participants with and without bedpartners and updated passive personal, active bedpartner, and passive bedpartner social technology questions of the Sleep Hygiene Index. Methods 327 students (age: M=19.7 years, SD=3.78) recruited through psychology courses and campus newsletters received extra credit or chances to win $25 gift cards. Participants completed demographic information, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, questions regarding associated features of inadequate sleep hygiene, and the Sleep Hygiene Index. Five questions assessed active and passive social technology use, presence of a bedpartner, and awareness of bedpartner active and passive social technology use during sleep time. Results 61.8% and 62.7% of students reported frequently or always using active and passive bedtime social technology, respectively; and 23.5% and 29.1% reported noticing a partner’s active or passive use. More frequent active technology use was significantly related to greater daytime sleepiness (ESS) (r(305)=.193, p<.05), sleep disturbances (PSQI-global: r(302)=.120, p<.05), and associated features of inadequate sleep hygiene (daytime sleepiness, worry about sleep, mood disturbance, avolition, and reduced cognition (r(306)=.212, p<.05)). Neither passive use nor passive or active partner use was significantly related to any sleep/sleepiness variables. Conclusion We continue to find students are frequent users of bedtime social technology which is related to daytime sleepiness, disrupted sleep, and related complaints. Passive and partner active/passive bedtime technology use may not have a significant impact on daytime sleepiness. It is possible younger participants are not good judges of passive or partner technology use or this younger population is resilient to these disruptions. Support none
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