Plant density is one of the most important factors influencing the physiological, morphological characteristics, and yield of sesame. Sesame is an important oilseed and cash crop production in Sudan. The effects of different rows spacing on the growth attributes, yield and yield compound on three sesame seeds varieties were investigated at rainfall conditions in semi-arid regions. Two field experiments were conducted in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Three varieties were planted at four rows spacing [5(control), 10, 20 and 30cm]. The experiment was laid out in RCBD in split plots with three replications. There were significant differences between row spacing, varieties and interaction between row spacing and varieties for all parameters except the 1000 seeds weight. Moreover, Abo Nama has recorded the highest plants, number of branches and number of capsules per plant, while the abo Radom recorded the highest number of seeds per capsule and seed yield, and abo sofa had the highest weight of 1000 seeds. Planted varieties at the 5 cm between rows can increase the seed yield (210.18 kg/h). The interaction between Abo Radom and control recorded the high seed yield by 265.30 kg per h-1. This study suggests that the appropriate rows spacing can actively increase the yield of the sesame plant.

To assess the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity in long day onion germplasm by using the principal component analysis and single linkage cluster analysis an experiment was carried out with 34 onion genotypes. High coefficient of variation with wide range in traits indicated an appreciable variability in germplasm. Genotypes were classified into seven principal components having Eigen value > 1, cumulatively accounted for 83.87% of total variability. Principal Component - I contributed for 24.73% of total variation for followed by principal component-II (15.27%). PC-I had high positive loading for bulb weight (0.401), marketable yield (0.338), total bulb yield (0.401) and PC-II had high positive loading for plant height (0.412), PC-III for high T.S.S. (0.276) PC -IV for A grade bulbs (0.436), PC-V for polar diameter of bulbs (0.514), PC-IV negatively loaded with purple blotch (-0.461) and PC-VII for narrow neck thickness (-0 .515). Plotting PC-I aganist PC-II differenciated CITH-O-13, CITH-O-4, CITH-O-22, CITH-O-19, CITH-O-9, CITH-O-6 and CITH-O2 as most divergent genotype.On the basis of single linkage cluster means cluster-I was most importent for average bulb weight, minimum bolters, high marketble bulb percentage high marketable and total bulb yield whereas cluster -II was important for maximum nuber of leaves/plant and minimum neck thicknes. Highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluter II and Cluster-I(873.5% ).Most divergent genotypes with high inter cluter distance could be the most appropriate parents for crop impovement in onion.