Several climate-smart agriculture (CSA) interventions are promoted by public, private and civil societies in India. However, there is a considerable variation among them. Therefore, to understand the different CSA interventions supported and prioritised by the public and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as their impacts at the farmer level, a case study was undertaken in Anantapur district, as it is highly vulnerable to climate change risks due to the increase in temperature, delayed monsoon, erratic rainfall and frequent occurrence of droughts. A case study research method was followed to assess the CSA interventions promoted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Department of Agriculture, Accion and Adarsha. The findings showed that KVK has focused its extension advisory services on the promotion of field crop (e.g. groundnut)-based CSA. The extension services of NGO-Accion were aimed at promoting horticulture, and Adarsha was prioritised promoting millet-based CSA interventions. Whereas the CSA priority of the department of agriculture was driven by the prevailing zero-budget natural farming project. However, interventions of KVK and NGOs were implemented on a limited scale. Therefore, the recommendations that emerged from the study will help the stakeholders to ensure convergence and foster synergy in implementing CSA interventions at scale. Some challenges faced during the research study were difficulties in the identification of the right stakeholders who were promoting CSA, also their technologies and services related to CSA. However, after a thorough discussion with the extension officers of Anantapur district, the stakeholders were identified and their CSA interventions were ascertained through focus group discussions and secondary data reviewed from magazines and other publications. Furthermore, the present study focused only on the CSA interventions promoted by two public sectors and two NGOs, and there is a wider scope for identifying more stakeholders, e.g. private sector, FPOs and entrepreneurs, and assessing their extent of involvement in the promotion of CSA and prioritisation.

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Farm women are the backbone of Indian agriculture. They represent the invisible work forces in a gamut of activities ranging from land preparation till harvest of the agricultural produce. The mass media utilization behavior of farm women is central to equipping women with the latest developments in farming technology and honing their technical skills which leads to their increased productivity in their farm and home. A study was conducted on a sample of 30 farm women to analyze their mass media utilization behavior. The findings revealed that, majority (60 per cent) had primary level of education, 90 per cent possessed radio and most of them were members of Farmers Discussion Groups (FDG's); and were regular listeners to agricultural programs on radio. They were also members of Youth Clubs, Magalir Mandrams (women's associations) and Media forums. Besides these women regularly attended training programs in agriculture and allied areas, imparted by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Only 10 percent of women were regular subscribers to farm magazines.