Batch and fixed bed experiments were carried out for the removal of Reactive Turquoise Blue Q-G125% (TB) dye from aqueous solution using cashew apple bagasse (CAB) as non-conventional adsorbent. CAB, a lignocellulosic material, used in this study contained 20.56% ± 2.19% cellulose, 10.17% ± 0.89% hemicellulose, and 35.26% ± 0.90% lignin and was characterized as nonporous material and its surface area cannot be determined by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Kinetic and equilibrium study were performed in batch systems, evaluating the effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent loading, and temperature on the adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption kinetic data. The adsorption isotherms of TB onto CAB were well fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity of the biomass was 145.10 mg/g and high levels of dye removal (> 90%) at 60°C. According to thermodynamic results, the adsorption of TB onto CAB is a spontaneous endothermic process. Dynamic adsorption behavior was studied in fixed bed system. The highest bed adsorbed quantity of 32 mg/g with 100 mg/L TB initial concentration at 1 mL/min flow rate and 1.4 cm bed-height was obtained. The results showed that CAB is a promising adsorbent for the adsorption of the dye.
RESUMO -A lactulose (4-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-D-frutose) é um dissacarídeo sintético não digerível e sua síntese por ocorrer por catálise enzimática através da formação de uma ponte β-glicosídica entre galactose e frutose catalisada por β-galactosidases. Para a produção deste carboidrato, este trabalho propõe o uso da frutose do suco de caju, produto de baixo valor agregado, oriundo do processamento das indústrias alimentícia. As condições operacionais como carga enzimática e razão mássica entre os substratos (lactose e frutose) foram estudadas. Os resultados mostraram que a maior concentração de lactulose (3,8 g/L) foi obtida para a razão frutose/lactose de 1:2 e uma carga enzimática de 4,2 U/mL a 50 °C, 150 RPM e 3h. Com base nestes resultados, a frutose proveniente do suco de caju demostrou ser um substrato alternativo para a produção da lactulose, que pode possibilitar uma diminuição no custo deste processo.De acordo com Rocha et al. (2007), o suco de caju apresenta quantidades significativas de glicose (46,88%) e frutose (46,72%), sendo que a utilização da frutose natural como
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