Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common medical complications of pregnancy together with anaemia and hypertension and it occurs approximately in 5%-10% of all pregnancies. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of UTI and prevalence of uropathogens among pregnant women. During the study period from December 2009 to August 2010, 417 urine samples were analyzed. UTI was diagnosed by growth of at least 10 5 CFU/ml of a urinary tract pathogen in a culture of a midstream urine sample. The isolated bacteria were identified by biochemical tests. The results showed that 49.4% of pregnant women have UTI. E. coli which was the most frequently isolated organism (56.79%), followed by Klebsiella sps (19.9%), Pseudomonas sps (6.3%), and Proteus sps (5.8%). Other pathogens isolated were Enterobacter (3.8%), Citrobacter (1.4%) and Enterococcus sps (0.9%). Of the variables examined, the highest prevalence rate was observed where, 53.3% of the infected women were in the age group 36 to 40 years, 54.15% were in their 3 rd trimester; also the highest infection rate (70.2%) was observed in 7 th month of pregnancy, concluding that old age pregnancy increased parity prone for UTI apart from individual hygiene and economical status.

Antibiotic resistant β-lactamases are diverse and complex enzymes produced by most of the Gram-negative bacteria that are mediated by number of plasmids. The impact of these enzymes has posed a major threat to the health sectors and has challenged the available treatment options for both community and hospital acquired infections. These include the uncomplicated most severe life-threatening infections. Moreover, with resistance to the cephalosporin drugs these Multidrug Resistance strains exhibit co-resistance patterns with different class of antibiotics which is a cause of concern that leads to narrow the limited treatment options. It is alarming situation since there is a steep rise in MDR-Beta lactamase pathogens mainly in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Currently, the clinical detection of Extended Spectrum of β-Lactamases (ESβL) and MβL producing pathogens are carried out by antibiotic sensitivity test on the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) since, the other methods being too expensive. The choice of antimicrobial treatment for infections should rely on the clinical data and the tests (AST) in asymptomatic and mild cases. However, this does not imply for critical infections. The last resorts of treatment for ESβL pathogens are carbapenem and nevertheless, resistances have also been reported for the same. With increasing resistance rate to the antibiotics, it is very essential to follow the guidelines for detection, implementation of antibiotic rotation to reduce these pathogens, followed by the efficient infection control practices and strategies to avoid such outbreaks.

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Pyogenic infections are caused by various pathogens leading to pus formation and that can be attributed due to a wound either through accident or during surgery leading to infection spread. There are pathogenic strains that are not uncommon in hospital settings like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter etc., that are multidrug resistant (MDR) and are a cause of concern. The bacteriological profile in the pyogenic infections tends to be same but there is a vast difference with the antibiotic resistant patterns in different hospital settings. Hence, the aim was to study the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and Extended spectrum βeta Lactamases (ESβL) production in these pathogens. A prospective study was carried out in Silchar Medical College and Hospital Assam, India, over a four-month period from February to May 2021. The samples were processed using Blood and MacConkey's agar. Further, these isolated pathogens were identified by standard morphological, cultural and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and ESβL production was detected by using combined disk diffusion test. It was observed that the identified pathogens had an incidence rate of 84.2% and further revealed that Gram negative had a higher incidence rate compared to Gram positive with 59.8%. The pathogens isolated from pus samples had a maximum of Klebsiella sps (19.64%) and the lowest was E. coli with 5.36%. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of Gram-negative bacterial isolates showed the highest incidence with aztreonam (40.6%) and the lowest was observed in Piperacillin/Tazobactam with 7.5%. The only Gram positive

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