The establishment of neural circuits involves both the precise positioning of cells within brain regions and projection of axons to specific target cells. In the cerebellum (Cb), the medial-lateral (M-L) and anterior-posterior (A-P) position of each Purkinje cell (PC) and the topography of its axon can be defined with respect to two coordinate systems within the Cb; one based on the pattern of lobules and the other on PC gene expression in parasagittal clusters in the embryo (e.g. Pcp2) and stripes in the adult (e.g. ZebrinII). The relationship between the embryonic clusters of molecularly defined PCs and particular adult PC stripes is not clear. Using a mouse genetic inducible fate mapping (GIFM) approach and a Pcp2-CreER-IRES-hAP transgene, we marked three bilateral clusters of PC clusters with myristolated Green fluorescent protein (mGfp) on approximately embryonic day (E) 15 and followed their fate into adulthood. We found that these three clusters contributed specifically to ZebrinII-expressing PCs, including nine of the adult stripes. This result suggests that embryonic PCs maintain a particular molecular identity, and that each embryonic cluster can contribute PCs to more than one adult M-L stripe. Each PC projects a primary axon to one of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) or the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem in an organized fashion that relates to the position of the PCs along the M-L axis. We characterized when PC axons from the three M-L clusters acquire topographic projections. Using a combination of GIFM to mark the PC clusters with mGfp and staining for human placental alkaline phosphatase (hAP) in Pcp2-CreER-IRES-hAP transgenic embryos we found that axons from each embryonic PCs cluster intermingled with neurons within particular DCN or projected out of the Cb toward the vestibular nuclei by E14.5. These studies show that PC molecular patterning, efferent circuitry, and DCN nucleogenesis occur simultaneously, suggesting a link between these processes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess understanding of the hysterectomy procedure and uterine fibroids among women in a general gynecology clinic. Materials and Methods: This was an anonymous cross-sectional survey. We adapted and pilot tested a survey instrument designed to assess understanding of the hysterectomy procedure and of uterine fibroids. The final version of the survey consisted of basic demographic questions, followed by 28 knowledge questions (Canadian Task Force Classification II-2). The survey was disseminated to women in the waiting room of one of our gynecology clinics. The patient population included women 18 years and older. Results: The mean age of respondents was 33.5 years old. In total, 69.5% of the respondents had at least some college education. In the group of questions related to different types of hysterectomies, the most poorly answered question was ''Which type of hysterectomy has the highest risk of damage to the bladder?'' Less than 40% of the respondents were able to identify a laparoscopic and robotic hysterectomy based on a written description. Of questions about uterine fibroids, the most poorly answered question was whether cancer that looks like fibroids is common, with >90% of the respondents incorrectly thinking that cancer that resembled fibroids is common. More than half of respondents did not know what a fibroid is. Conclusions: In this analysis of the understanding of the hysterectomy procedure and fibroids among an educated population, overall understanding was poor. Specific areas where knowledge was particularly poor were the different ways of doing a hysterectomy and uterine fibroids.

necessitated an evaluation with a provider or nurse based on their reported concerns. CONCLUSION: Post-operative patient-initiated telephone calls after FPMRS surgery are common in our practice, occurring in more than half of all patients undergoing a procedure, and specifically more frequent in women discharged home with nursing. Bowel, urinary, and medication-based phone calls account for the highest frequency and volume.

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