Toothbrushes wear out and progressively lose their ability to clean as the bristles abrade and become curled and matted. To study the factors that influence this process, we developed a quantitative measure of bristle splaying (wear index) and a method for judging and ranking the overall state of brush deterioration (wear rating) and used these to determine the effects of the individual user, brush design, time in use, and bristle material. Wear index is the average increase in brush-head dimensions normalized for maximum bristle length, and is dimensionless. Wear rating is a subjective means of classifying the increasing severity of deterioration on a scale of 0 to 3. The wear characteristics of a variety of commercial and experimental brushes with different design features were determined. Test variables were time in use, brush design (e.g., geometry and size of the brush head), and bristle composition. Time of use, the individual user, and bristle composition were found to have the strongest influences on splaying, and brush design was found to have the least influence. The wear index offers a quantitative means of comparing brushes of different dimensions at various stages of splaying. The wear rating, although qualitative, is a quick means of ranking brushes in various stages of deterioration. The two methods correlate (R2 = 0.87), and both are sensitive to several factors that affect brush durability. Therefore, these methods appear to be suitable not only for research, but also for quality control, the setting of standards, and for substantiation of advertising claims.

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The extent to which a toothbrush is worn out, as evidenced by bristle splaying, is an important determinant of cleaning efficacy. In order for this aspect of oral hygiene to be studied, an accelerated means of producing a life-like pattern of bristle splaying was investigated and compared with splaying induced by a human test-panel. Porcelain denture teeth were brushed under a static applied load in a slurry of dentifrice, by means of a revolving "figure 8" motion, for up to 12,000 revolutions. This was found to induce an increase in the degree of splaying (as measured by "wear index") that was well-fitted (R2 = 0.96) by a second-order expression of the form: WI = WIi + Ritj - Ctj2 where WI = wear index, WIi = initial wear index, Ri = initial rate of increase in WI, tj = brushing time measured in either machine revolutions (tr) or weeks of human use (tw), and C = a separate constant for each brushing mode (machine or human panel). The rate of splaying was found to be strongly influenced by the quality of the bristle filament, but not by small differences in toothbrush design. The splaying pattern induced by the machine could not be distinguished visually from that in a set of brushes used at home by human volunteers. A strong correlation was found between the splaying produced by machine-brushing and by a panel who brushed free-style at home for 13 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The surface tension ot solutions contalnlnq PerfluQrQcarbQxylic acids, and their complexes with a cationlc polymer (PQlymer J. R.) have been measured. The results indicated that the complexes are highly surface active and otter a way tor achieving IQW surface tensions of aqueous solutions. Owing to their unusual properties these complexes might find a number ot practical appllcatlcns.