Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and its variants were implicated in the epidemic outbreak of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis that occurred in Salta, northwestern Argentina, in 1985. A total of 24 suspected, untreated cases were evaluated clinically and parasitologically. Four of five stable isolates were consistent with the reference strain of L. (V.) braziliensis as determined by monoclonal antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence or radioimmunobinding assays. Zymodeme analysis in agarose gels showed a close relationship with L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis. All zymograms obtained with polyacrylamide gels belonged to the subgenus Viannia; the patterns were different from, but very closely related to, the reference strains of L. (V.) braziliensis as determined by dendrogram analysis. Hamsters infected with two isolates showed a pattern consistent with L. (V.) braziliensis. The pattern of development in the gut of Lutzomyia longipalpis was consistent with members of Viannia.
Summary Recent improvements in technology have made it possible to produce more potent rabies vaccines, which in turn has led to higher requirements of vaccine potency. While this may have positive aspects, it may also be counter‐productive in some situations. This paper provides an example wherein rabies was successfully controlled in a large urban area using a vaccine which meets the existing potency requirements, but which would not have met some of those currently being considered. Had the new recommendations been in force, sufficient vaccine would not have been available and the control programme would have failed. Zusammenfassung Höhe der Vakzinestärken, die bei der erfolgreichen Bekämpfung der Tollwut in Buenos Aires, Argentinien eingesetzt wurden Neue technologische Verbesserungen machten es möglich, stärkere Tollwut‐Vakzinen zu produzieren, was wiederum zu Schritten geführt hat, Vakzinen von höherer Stärke zu fordern. Während dies positive Aspekte haben mag, so kann es in gewissen Fällen auch leistungshemmend sein. Diese Arbeit liefert ein Beispiel, in welchem Tollwut in einem großen Stadtgebiet erfolgreich bekämpft wurde. Dabei wurde eine Vakzine verwendet, die den bestehenden Erfordernissen an die Stärke entspricht, die aber einige jener, die gegenwärtig erwogen werden, nicht erfüllt hätte. Wären die neuen Empfehlungen zugrunde gelegt worden, so wäre nicht ausreichend Vakzine zur Verfügung gestanden und das Bekämpfungsprogramm fehlgeschlagen.
Pentaksiran Bilik Darjah adalah salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk mentaksir kemahiran dan kefahaman murid. Pelaksanaan PBD dapat memperolehi maklumat tentang perkembangan dan pencapaian murid bagi setiap mata pelajaran kepada guru. Faktor yang penting dalam menjayakan pelaksanaan PBD adalah tahap pengetahuan, kemahiran dan kesediaan guru. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti tahap pengetahuan, tahap kemahiran dan tahap kesediaan guru dalam pelaksanaan PBD. Seramai 83 orang guru yang berasal dari 5 buah sekolah rendah kategori A Program Transformasi Sekolah 2025(TS25) di daerah Kuala Lipis, Pahang menjadi responden dalam kajian ini. Soal selidik yang digunakan sebagai instrumen kajian dan analisis secara deskriptif digunakan. Dapatan kajian yang diperolehi menunjukkan skor min bagi tahap pengetahuan guru terhadap pelaksanaan PBD dalam kajian ini adalah tinggi dengan min 4.17, skor min bagi tahap kemahiran guru terhadap pelaksanaan PBD pula adalah sederhana tinggi dengan min 3.98 dan skor min bagi tahap kesediaan guru terhadap pelaksanaan PBD juga adalah sederhana tinggi dengan min 3.95.
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