Одно из направлений повышения эффективности удобрений-уменьшение неравномерности их распределения по полю. Качество внесения удобрений снижается в частности из-за нарушения стыковки эпюр их распределения при смежных проходах агрегатов. Рассмотрели вопросы, связанные с выявлением зависимости величины перекрытия эпюр смежных проходов машин для поверхностного внесения удобрений на качество их распределения по полю. Исследовали зависимость дозы внесения удобрений от точности вождения агрегата для внесения удобрений, характеризуемой коэффициентом вариации. Получили математическую модель для определения допусков на перекрытие смежных проходов при соответствующем среднеквадратичном отклонении перекрытий от оптимального. Выявили, что допуски на эти отклонения зависят от заданной дозы внесения, допуска на отклонение от нее, точности вождения агрегата для внесения удобрений, характеризуемой среднеквадратичным отклонением перекрытия и средним значением отклонения от перекрытия до оптимального, а также от эмпирических коэффициентов, характеризующих эпюру распределения удобрений на общей ширине захвата. Установили, что с уменьшением среднеквадратичного отклонения допуски на отклонение агрегата от заданной ширины захвата увеличиваются и достигают максимума, когда оно равно нулю. Предложили алгоритм оценки влияния величины перекрытия эпюр смежных проходов машин для внесения удобрений на качество распределения их по полю. Сформулировали методические подходы к обоснованию требований к точности систем позиционирования ГЛОНАСС/GPS. Ключевые слова: дифференцированное внесение удобрений, эпюра распределения удобрений, перекрытие смежных проходов, точность позиционирования.
Application of ductile cast iron ADI is feasible and cost-effective, provided that there is a clear understanding of the mechanisms for the formation of their high complex mechanical properties. The use of such materials for the production of variable parts of machinery, or in other units of automobile and machine building will significantly extend the life of the equipment. It is established that the level of mechanical characteristics of the ADI cast iron varies in full accordance with the theoretical concepts of the influence of the tempering temperature on the formation of mechanical properties of such materials. The previous plastic deformation does not affect the mechanism of formation of pseudo-elasticity. The tendency to dampening increases with an increase in the temperature of isothermal quenching. The damping behavior of a material is a consequence of the formation of pseudo-elastic twins in the structure of the transformed martensite.
The (DD) method was used to model the formation of the plastic zone of the top of the cracks in polycrystalline molybdenum. Special attention was paid to take into account the interaction of dislocations in the plastic zone with grain boundaries. Structural sensitivity of fracture toughness was analyzed under brittle-ductile condition. Simulations were performed for a range of grain sizes from 400 to 100 μm, at which a sudden increase in fracture toughness with a decrease of grain size was experimentally shown. We calculated the value of K1c taking into account the shielding action of dislocations. The position of all dislocations in the plastic zone at fracture moment was calculated. Based on these data, we obtained the dependences of dislocation density on the distance from the crack tip thereby confirming significant influence of the grain boundaries on plastic zone formation. At large grain sizes, when the plastic zone does not touch the boundary, the distribution of dislocations remained unchanged. As grains reduce their size to size of the plastic zone, they start formating a dislocation pile – up near the boundaries. Dislocations on plastic zone move slightly toward the crack tip, but the density of dislocations in the middle of the grain remains unchanged, and fracture toughness remains almost unchanged. Further reduction of the grain size leads to the Frank-Reed source activation on the grain boundary Forming dislocation pile-up of the neighbor grains. Its stress concentration acts on dislocations of the first grain and causes redistribution of plastic zone dislocations. If the reduction in grain size is not enough to form a strong pile-up, density of dislocations on plastic zone increases slightly and crack resistance increases a few percent. Further reduction of grains promotes strong pile-up, dislocations move to crack tip, and its density on plastic zone increases. Crack is shielded and fracture toughness increases sharply. The calculation showed that the fracture toughness jump is observed at grain sizes of 100—150 μm, in good agreement with the experiment. Keywords: dislocation dynamics simulation, molybdenum, fracture toughness, grain size, plastic zone, brittle-ductile transition.
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