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Background and aims : The right hepatic artery occasionally forms a sinuous tortuousity called as caterpillar hump or Moynihan's hump, which occupies the major portion of Calot's triangle. Due to this variation, inadvertent injury to right hepatic artery may occur during surgical procedures. The aim of the study is to find out the incidence of Caterpillar hump of right hepatic artery in cadavers and to correlate with surgical significance. Materials and methods : Sixty cadavers allotted for the purpose of teaching undergraduate students from the period of 2006 to 2011 were used for this study. Branches of coeliac trunk were traced and right hepatic artery was observed for the presence of caterpillar hump. Results : Caterpillar hump was noted in three out of 60 cadavers (5%). Out of three specimens with caterpillar hump, right hepatic artery passed posterior to common hepatic duct in two specimens and anterior to it in one specimen. The presence of dual loops of right hepatic artery was noted in two specimens and single loop was observed in one specimen. Conclusion: The presence of this variant course of right hepatic artery may lead to the formation of short cystic artery. Thereby, right hepatic artery can be mistaken for cystic artery and may be injured during surgical procedures. The knowledge of caterpillar hump of right hepatic artery is essential for the surgeons to avoid the risk of ischemic necrosis of right lobe of liver.

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Background: Rapid developments in the telephone technology made the communication faster and easier. The duration of the use of mobile phones also increased beyond the limitation, and has raised public concerns about their safety. This study is designed to investigate the long term exposure of 1900 MHz to 2200 MHz radiations effect emitted from the third generation (3G) mobile phone in mice liver at histological and biochemical level.Materials and Methods: With approval from institutional animal ethics committee, 36 mice were exposed to 3G mobile phone radiation, 48 minutes per day for a period of 30 -180 days. The control group (36 mice) was kept under similar conditions without 3G exposure. The animals were sacrificed and the liver was removed from first month to six months period. 1ml of blood was collected for SGOT and SGPT analysis. Liver was processed for antioxidant enzyme activity -SOD & GPx, and for routine histological study. The serial sections were analysed under microscope for structural changes. Two groups' data were compared and analysed statistically. Results:In comparision to control group the liver of 3G exposed groups showed the following changes: parenchyma and the periportal regions were infiltrated with inflammatory cells. Focal haemorrhages in the liver parenchyma dilated and congested hepatic sinusoids. Swollen hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei and vacuolations in the cytoplasm were the significant changes. Biochemical parameters did not show any variable difference. Conclusion:The long term exposure of ultra-high frequency radiation emitted from a 3G mobile phone could cause microscopic structural changes in the liver.