В статье по материалам зарубежных источников рассматриваются развитие основных положений тео-рии привязанности Дж. Боулби и М. Эйнсворт и современные исследования в области психологии при-вязанности. Обсуждаются следующие проблемы: современная интерпретация системы привязанности; влияние материнской чуткости и качества опеки на формирование привязанности ребенка к матери; клас-сификация привязанностей; ментальные репрезентации привязанности; культурные различия классифи-кации привязанностей в американских, западногерманских, японских, российских исследованиях привя-занности; нарушения привязанности; психотерапия привязанности; нерешенные вопросы и перспективы теории привязанности.Ключевые слова: привязанность, качество опеки, типы привязанности, операционные модели привя-занности, нарушения привязанности, культурные различия в классификациях привязанности, привязан-ность и психотерапия. Psychology, 2017. Vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 7-14. doi: 10.17759/jmfp. 2017060201 (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).Психология привязанности более 40 лет остается одним из ведущих направлений современной зарубеж-ной психологии. Основываясь на концепциях этоло-гии, кибернетики, теории систем, психологии разви-тия и психоанализе, Дж. Боулби сформулировал основные положения теории привязанности, благода-ря чему произвел коренные изменения в понимании того, что связывает ребенка с матерью и как эта связь разрушается вследствие разлуки, депривации и утраты матери. Новаторские методы изучения связи ребенка с матерью, предложенные Мэри Эйнсворт, не только дали возможность эмпирической проверки некоторых идей Дж. Боулби, но также способствовали расшире-нию самой теории и привели к новым направлениям ее развития. Рассмотрим развитие основных теоретиче-ских положений и современные направления исследо-ваний в области психологии привязанности. Определение привязанности. Система привязанностиНа основании опыта изучения историй жизни 44 малолетних преступников Дж. Боулби выявил влия-ние ранней разлуки с матерью (и связанных с этим переживаний потери и сепарации) на нарушение пове-дения ребенка в последующие годы жизни. В работе «О природе привязанности ребенка к матери» Боулби впервые высказал предположение, что существует био-логически обусловленная система привязанности, отвечающая за развитие эмоциональной связи между матерью и ребенком. Для ребенка привязанность важна с точки зрения безопасности и выживания [3; 9].Современные исследования показывают, что систе-ма привязанности представляет собой первичную генетически закрепленную мотивационную систему, которая активируется сразу после рождения, при пер-вом контакте новорожденного с матерью и выполняет функцию обеспечения ребенку материнской заботы, гарантирующей выживание.Большое внимание уделяется также изучению гор-мональной поддержки привязанности, роли окситоци-на. Этот гормон образуется уже во время беременно-сти, «настраивая» мать на принятие ею будущего ребенка; он играет важную роль в родах и в постна-тальном периоде, способствует установлению взаим-ной привязанности между ребенком и матерью. П...

The article is based on the materials of foreign sources and discusses the current trends in the relationship of adolescents and their parents. The following problems are discussed: influence of upbringing styles and parental attitudes on various aspects of psychological development of adolescents; contribution of relationships with parents and peers into social and personality development in adolescence; peculiarities of teenagers’ attachments to parents; child-parent conflicts. The recent studies of family education and its influence on psychological development confirm the positive role of authoritative parenting style, the negative impact of rigid parenting style on adolescent aggression and so on. It is shown that excessive parental control does not contribute to the development of self-esteem and increases self-criticism in adolescent girls. In relatively new researches devoted to "technoference" the negative impact of technical means (phone, gadgets) on interaction between parents and children is shown. The article stresses the importance of attachment to parents in adolescence; the role of the quality of attachment in formation of autonomy; capacity to solve problems and cope with difficulties associated with Internet addiction; aggression and school performance. The article also presents studies of positive and negative aspects of the impact of conflict with parents on the personality development of adolescents, gender differences in behavior during the conflict between mother and father, the contribution of marital conflicts to psychological development in adolescence.

The paper discusses the problem of personality development at the early stages of ontogenesis. The key idea is the L.S. Vygotsky’s concept of an infant as “the most social creatures” and perception of oneself as an infant in the form of “pre-we”. The development of Vygotsky’s views is considered in the concept of communication of M.I. Lisina, as well as in the studies of the primary pre-personal formation, the essence of which is the child’s experience of himself as a subject of communication and social interaction. The data obtained within the framework of the cultural-historical approach are compared with the results of foreign studies of socio-cognitive development, psychology of attachment and social interaction. We presented an evidence of a variety of innate manifestations of social activity, the social competence of a child, starting from the first months of his life, his readiness to perceive an adult and enter into social interaction. We consider the “inter-subjectivity” — a congenital psychological mechanism that ensures the infant’s ability to social interaction; a mutual predisposition to interaction in a mother-child pair. We offer an interpretation of L.S. Vygotsky ideas about the social situation of infant development taking into account modern data of Russian and foreign psychology.

Objective. Comparative analysis of mothers’ value attitudes in different models modern parenting (“natural”, “intensive”). Background. Modern parents face new social challenges: the competition of family values, parenthood and career building; difficulties in adapting to a rapidly changing world; uncertainty cultural patterns of raising children in the family, which lead to the search for new strategies and practices of family education. Study design. In the work, value attitudes were determined and compared mothers of preschool children in two models: “natural” and “intensive” parenting. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Pearson’s χ2 criterion, the Mann-Whitney U-criterion. Participants. The study involved 50 mothers preschoolers aged 30 to 40 years, married, with higher education. The research base. Internet platforms: thematic forums, social networks and groups (“Mother and child”, “Natural development”, “Intensive education”, “Conscious parenting”). Measurements. The author’s questionnaire aimed at identifying the model of parenthood (I.V. Ber-seneva, N.N. Avdeeva); 2) The methodology of M. Rokich’s “Value orientations”. 3) The author’s ques-tionnaire “Conditions of upbringing and development of the child”. Results. For mothers inclined to the “intensive” parenting model, priority value orientations: financially secure life; the ability to think sensibly and logically, make deliberate, rational decisions; the opportunity to improve your level of education, intellectual development, culture; self-control; accuracy; discipline. For mothers who adhere to the “natural” parenting model — life experience, courage in defending their opinions, sensitivity, independence in judgments and actions, tolerance, self-realization in household management. Сonclusions. The specificity of the relationship between the value orientations of mothers and the model of parenthood is revealed. It is shown that there are both similarities and differences hierarchies of value orientations among mothers who adhere to the “intensive” and “natural” models of parenthood. The revealed patterns are consistent with studies of parenting models in foreign psychology and reflect the strategies of parents’ search for effective parenting strategies in a rapidly changing world.

The article deals with the problem of the biological foundations of maternal behavior in foreign psychology. Two sources that activate parental behavior are considered: hormonal processes occurring in the mother's body and stimulation from the child. Both classical and contemporary studies of maternal behavior in response to the infant's innate activity repertoire are presented; risks for establishing interaction in a dyad; basic neurobiological mechanisms of “bonding” in the postpartum period. Modern trends in the study of the role of early contact not only of the mother, but also of the father with the fetus before birth are shown, in order to establish the interaction and attachment of parents to the child after birth. The programs of early intervention aimed at supporting the biological determinants of parental behavior are considered: the formation of a positive attitude towards the child, the prevention of risks of violation of the psychological health of parents in connection with the birth of a child.