The psychometric properties of the Japanese Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 (TOSCA-3), a self-report measure of self-conscious emotions, were examined in Japanese university students. Confirmatory factor analyses showed good fits of the theory-driven model for 6 emotions to the data. The subscales of the TOSCA-3 showed moderate correlations and internal consistency. Only the Shame subscale was greater among younger students, but women had higher shame and guilt than men. Social desirability moderately influenced some subscales. Test-retest reliability was good for shame and guilt. Time 1 shame predicted time 2 depression a week later. The Japanese version of the TOSCA-3 is a reliable and valid measure of self-conscious emotions among a Japanese population.

The aim of this study was to describe the stressors experienced by Japanese mothers living in the United Kingdom. An ethnomethodological design was used by means of an openended, in-depth interview. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 Japanese mothers living in the United Kingdom. Analysis was performed using the KJ (Kawakito Jiro) method, equivalent to content analysis and data reduction. The main stressors were participation in the small hierarchical society of the Japanese business climate, isolation, language and cultural barriers, and raising Japanese children in a British cultural context. Unsatisfactory experiences of childbirth, child rearing, and contacts with medical services were reported. Recognizing cultural differences and the difficulties that may be experienced by Japanese clients is a first step. Resources may be provided to help these clients widen their social contacts and improve communication with providers of health care and education for their children.

キーワード： Abstract PurposeThe aim of this paper is to identify targets for midwifery care over the next 30 yearsby reviewing research from the last 30 years into mothers' satisfaction with midwifery care. MethodsPubMed and the website of the Japan Medical Abstracts Society were used for searching. The key words used were in three groups: [midwifery/ care/ practice/ service], [mothers/ pregnant women/ women in labor/ postpartum women/ clients], and [satisfaction/ evaluation]. The conditions for selection were that papers should be original, and that they should have been published between 1985 and 2015. ResultsUsing the keywords, 317 Japanese studies and 114 overseas studies were found. Most of these were quantitative and few were concerned with mothers' satisfaction with midwifery care. Twelve Japanese studies and 28 overseas studies were deemed to be relevant to the current study and were selected for analysis.In Japan in the 1990s about eighty per cent of mothers reported that they were satisfied with midwifery care, and by 2012 this figure had increased to about ninety per cent. A New Zealand study from 2001 reported that seventy-seven per cent of mothers were satisfied with midwifery care. However, few studies indicated satisfaction rates, and there has been insufficient research to suggest reliable estimates. ConclusionThis study suggests the following targets for next 30 years. Further research is needed into mothers' satisfaction with midwifery care. The scale used to measure satisfaction, made in 1997, needs further development. The standard of midwifery care needs to be raised to a similar level throughout Japan before any reliable satisfaction figures can be given for the nation as a whole. New approaches are needed to support mothers who wish for a natural childbirth.