Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism whose prevalence is rising globally. The hypoglycemic property of raw Allium cepa has been established by several authors, and this study, was carried out to investigate the effect of heat on the hypoglycemic property of Allium cepa. This is against the backdrop that Allium cepa is mostly consumed boiled in Africa and several parts of the World. 40 Wistar rats were used for the study and diabetes was induced in 35 of them using single intraperitoneal dose of 40mgkg -1 of alloxan monohydrate. There were eight groups (n= 5). Group one and two served as the control groups, group three is insulin and group four is metformin. Group five to eight were treatment groups. Result showed the following reduction at 400 mgkg -1 (raw-57.2%; boiled-41.3%). At 600 mgkg ) show plasma glucose reduction of (52.7%) and (12.3%) respectively when compared with the control. Result shows that heat reduces hypoglycemic property of onions.

Vernonia amygdalinaas has been found to lower blood pressure, reduces body weight, andimprove fertility. However, its effects on oxidative stress imposed by opiods has yet to be determined.This research therefore aims to investigate the attenuating potentials of Vernonia Amygdalina ethanol leafextract on oxidative stress biomarkers, following the administration of graded doses of tramadol. FreshVernonia amygdalina leaf were extracted using ethanol and the extract were stored for use in theexperiment. Thirty (30) mature male Wistar rats weighing were used for study. The animals wereacclimated for seven days, divided into six groups of five animals in each group. Group 1 received 0.5 mlof normal saline. Group 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were given tramadol 30 mg/kg body weight respectively for 12weeks, however, group 6 was withdrawn after 6 weeks of tramadol administration. Group 3, 4, 5 and 6also received ethanol extract of Vernonia amgydalina at a dose of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000mg/kg body weight respectively for 12 weeks. At the end of the 12 weeks treatment period, the rats wereeuthanized by cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected and centrifuged to obtain serum forbiochemical analysis. Brain, Liver, Pancreas, kidney and testes were excised for biochemical evaluation.The data obtained were analyzed by comparing the values for individual controls for different treatmentgroups and the results were expressed as mean values ± standard mean error (mean ± SEM). Using thestudent's t-test, ANOVA variance analysis, and the results were considered significant at P-values of lessthan 0.01 (P<0.01) using SPSS version 23 software, significant differences between control andexperimental groups were measured. Results show a significant increase in the activities of non-enzymicantioxidants (Vitamins C, E, and K), carotenoids antioxidants (beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, andzeaxanthin), thiol antioxidants (Glutathiones, Glutathione peroxidase, and Lipoic acid), oxidoreductaseantioxidant (Catalase), metaloenzyme in all tissues of rats given tramadol and treated with VernoniaAmygdalina ethanol leaf extract when compared with to the group 2 rats that received only tramadol.Compared to the other groups, group 4 rats likewise show a more pronounced improvement. Whencompared to group 2 rats that got only tramadol, there was a significant decrease in Malondialdehydeactivities in all tissues of rats given tramadol and treated with Vernonia Amygdalina ethanol leaf extract.Vernonia amygdalina was found to be efficacious in reducing ROS-induced tramadol-induced chronictoxicity and organ impairment in Wistar rats. It is suggested that the bioactive chemicals in Vernoniaamygdalina that function as an adjunct in the chronic therapy of organ harm caused by opioid prescriptionaddiction be identified, isolated, and employed again to validate the findings of this study.

Although the mechanism of hepatotoxicity from tramadol overdoses is unknown, it is most likelycaused by direct hepatocellular injury, either as a result of ischemia or mitochondrial toxicity. Overdosingon tramadol has been reported to cause acute liver failure. Tramadol-related minor enzyme increases areoften asymptomatic, self-limited, and resolve even when medication is continued. This investigationexamines the short- and long-term effects of tramadol use on liver enzymes in an animal model. The studyinvolved sixty (60) mature Wistar rats of both sexes. Tramadol (300g) were administered to the animals inthe experimental and control groups in the following ways: Before being sacrificed, Group A (n = 5 Malesand 5 Females) received no treatment within the study's time frame. Group B (n = 5 Males and 5 Females)received tramadol 30 mg/kg body weight for 7 days and were sacrificed; Group C (n = 5 Males and 5Females) received tramadol 30 mg/kg body weight for 14 days and were sacrifice; Group D (n = 5 Malesand 5 Females) received tramadol 30 mg/kg body weight for 21 days and were sacrifice, Group E (n = 5Male and 5 Female) received tramadol 30 mg/kg body weight for 42 days and were sacrificed, while GroupF (n = 5 Male and 5 Female) withdrew for 3 weeks after receiving tramadol 30 mg/kg for three weeksbefore sacrificing. Liver was removed from the animals for biochemical examination. The findings of theSPSS analysis on the generated data were expressed as mean SEM. After three and six weeks of tramadoladministration, the results obtained demonstrated a progressive increase in weight and an increase in theactivities of ALT, ALP, and AST in the plasma while decreasing the level of total protein, albumin, directbilirubin as well as indirect bilirubin as compared to the control rats. Therefore, this study comes to theconclusion that tramadol has harmful effects, both acute and chronic, on the structure and operation ofhepatic tissue in wistar rats. As a result, tramadol use needs to be monitored.