The production of winter wheat varieties, which are characterized by high productivity and sowing qualities of seeds, is one of the ways to improve productivity and gross grain harvest in the region. The current paper has presented data on the productivity, sowing qualities and biological properties of the original seeds of the winter bread wheat varieties ‘Stanichnaya’, ‘Lydia’ and ‘Asket’, grown in the laboratory for primary seed production of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “ARC “Donskoy”. The purpose of the research was to study the productivity and sowing qualities of the winter bread wheat varieties. Productivity is the main criterion for the value of a variety. It was found that with an average productivity (5.8 t/ha) of the variety ‘Stanichnaya’, the data by the years of 2018–2020 varied from 5.1 to 7.2 t/ha, and for the variety ‘Asket’, at a similar level of average value, the variation ranged from 5.2 to 6.8 t/ha. There was found that 1000-seed weight depended on the variety and climatic conditions, and not only on the cultivation technology. The leader in this indicator was the variety ‘Stanichnaya’, with an average value (44.5g) of 1000-seed weight. The maximum yield of conditioned seeds during the years of research was identified in the varieties ‘Stanichnaya’ (73.5%) and ‘Lydia’ (72.4%); the minimum was in the variety ‘Asket’ (71.7%). There was noted that the germination energy of the varieties ‘Stanichnaya’, ‘Lidiya’ and ‘Asket’ ranged from 88 to 92%. The difference between germination energy and laboratory germination ranged from 5 to 8%. When determining the intensity of the initial growth, it was found that the maximum values of the sprout length and weight of 100 dry sprouts were identified in the variety ‘Stanichnaya’ (11.0 cm and 0.63 g); the smallest values of these traits were identified in the varieties ‘Lydia’ and ‘Asket’. Field germination varied by the varieties from 73 to 82%, deviations of this trait from laboratory germination ranged from 14 to 23%. Over the years of study, for all studied varieties, the sowing qualities of seeds corresponded to GOST R 52325-2005.

The current study was carried out in order to analyze the literature devoted to the researches of a number of factors affecting the processes of androgenesis in vitro in wheat anther culture. Triticum aestivum L. is one of the most stable food crops in the world. An important step for wheat breeders is to improve the productivity potential with appropriate grain quality and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors. In order to improve and speed up the breeding process, a targeted selection of the initial material is required with the involvement of donors according to the main limiting traits and properties. In this regard, the use of modern breeding methods and biotechnological techniques, which make it possible to quickly obtain a new initial material with desirable economically valuable traits becomes an urgent issue. The use of haploidy methods, namely, the development of plants with a single set of chromosomes from an immature wheat anther culture (androgenesis), has great prospects for such work. According to the researchers, the efficiency of the method in vitro depends on many factors, such as influence of a genotype, growing conditions, a selection period, pre-treatment, a nutrient medium formula and cultivation conditions. According to some critical reviews, a genotype dependence, low efficiency, and albinism can pose serious limitations to the application of the anther culture method. However, other research groups have made significant efforts to reduce the impact of these negative factors. Due to continuous improvements, the well-established method of anther culture cultivation in vitro can be an effective way to develop wheat varieties and lines with the desired traits and properties.

The improvement of genetic diversity and acceleration of breeding process are the most important tasks in wheat breeding. In vitro biotechnological methods are of practical interest for breeding process. The current paper has considered the effects of genotypes and nutritious medium on the formation of regenerants. The purpose of the research was to study the ability to androgenesis in winter soft wheat anthers and to identify promising winter soft wheat genotypes. The estimation of the ability to androgenesis was carried out among ten winter wheat samples. 8711 anthers were planted on medium of N6 and PII induction; the 190-2 medium was used for regeneration. As a result of the study, it was found that the process of neoplasms occurrence depends both on the variant of the nutrient medium and on the chosen genotype. It has been proven that the most favorable medium for the cultivation of winter soft wheat anthers is medium N6. It was found that the maximum percentage of neoplasms (5.21%) from winter soft wheat anthers was recorded in the sample “595/13”. It was found that the samples “595/13” (9 plants) and “Niva Dona” (6 plants) developed by the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” showed the highest responsiveness to the formation of calluses and plants-regenerants. There were obtained 6 green regenerants and 3 albino forms from the pollen callus of the sample “595/13” and 4 green regenerants and 2 albino regenerants from the sample “Niva Dona”.

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In the modern world, the use of isolated anther cultivation technology is currently an integral part of the wheat breeding process. The development of haploids in the winter bread wheat anthers will allow obtaining new forms of wheat in the shortest possible time and without large areas. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the F3 winter bread wheat hybrids according to the anthers’ sensitivity to androgenesis and plant regeneration in vitro and to identify the factors affecting the yield of haploid production. There has been studied the ability to androgenesis in vitro in the anthers of four winter bread wheat hybrids of intensive and semi-intensive type of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. There has been assessed the role of the mineral composition of three induction nutrient media N6, W14 and NPB-99. There has been established a correlation between the main stages of development of haploids and a genotype. The highest regeneration rate of green plants was obtained in the sample F3 623 of intensive type (3.3%). The most suitable medium for androgenesis of the winter bread wheat anthers in vitro is NPB-99. Since the genotype F3 623 of intensive type demonstrated high values of haploid production capacity, it could be successfully used in breeding programs for the rapid production of homozygous wheat anther lines in vitro. Using two-way analysis of variance, there has been identified a correlation between the effects of a genotype, nutrient medium and their interaction with the main parameters of haploid formation in winter wheat. The formation of embryogenic structures is mainly associated with the effect of a genotype (46.52%). The proportion of the nutrient composition of the medium was low (1.82%), and the correlation factor was 2.1%. The genotype had the greatest effect on the indicator of the regenerants’ number. The nutrient medium had little effect. Regarding the regeneration of green plants, which is the main indicator of the haploid production, the share of a genotype effect was the largest (47.32%). The contribution of the medium and the correlation of factors were less important, but statistically significant.