No abstract

Реферат. В статье приведены результаты интегральной оценки техногенной нагрузки на урбоэкосистему г. Киева с помощью комплекса методов биоиндикации, которые коррелируют с градиентом антропогенного загрязнения городских экосистем Киева. Значительное количество автотранспорта, перегруженность автодорог, приводит к загрязнению аэрополлютантами, особенно в час пик, что очевидно негативно сказывается на здоровье населения. Предельные значения содержания загрязнителей в воздухе часто превышают нормированные значения, что отрицательно влияет на состояние деревьев в городе. Исследованы адаптационные реакции биоиндикатора Tilia cordata Mill. в зависимости от градиента техногенного загрязнения города на уровне органа, организма, популяции, экосистемы в полуестественных (парки), искусственных (в пределах жилых застроек) и лесных (полосы деревьев, аллеи) экотопах. Для диагностики состояния древесных растений в пределах мегаполиса рекомендовано использовать систему методик: лесоводственнотаксационные, фитосанитарное состояние насаждений, степень дефолиации кроны и дехромации листьев, степень преждевременного пожелтения листьев и повреждения их ожогами. Также следует учитывать наличие, количество и состояние естественного возобновления, как один из стабилизирующих факторов в буферной функции экосистем. Ключевые слова. Техногенное загрязнение, тяжелые металлы, мегаполис, биоиндикация, дефолиация.

Palinoindication of 6 parks of the urban ecosystem of Kiev using Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. population, was carried out. There is a general trend towards an increase in the amount of nonviable pollen with an increase in anthropogenic load. In the example of T. officinale, this is manifested in a gradual increase to 27% of non-viable pollen on the pollution gradient. With the deterioration of the ecological situation in the studied test polygons, an increase in the number of teratomorphic pollen grains up to 41.10% in Babin Yar tract was recorded. According to the level of palynotoxic action (PE, %), only 2 gradations were revealed in the parks under study: initial and effective. The sublethal effect (highly toxic) has not been established, since the level of pollen sterility in our studies did not exceed 45,2%. The largest number of pollen grains with developmental pathologies (teratomorphic) – 41.10% – was recorded in the Babin Yar tract, the state of which, according to the anthropogenic load index (Jal), is characterized as poor. At the same time, the percentage of teratomorphic pollen grains in T. officinale plants in more favorable environmental conditions (control) does not exceed 16.50%. For the bioindication assessment of the park ecosystems state in the megalopolis, the most indicative were the index of sterility, palynotoxic effect and the content of teratomorphic pollen grains, which increases with the gradient of anthropogenic load.

The aim of this article is to assess the structure of biodiversity of field protective forest shelter belts to determine the directions of increasing their reclamation and conservation potential in the organic agricultural landscape. Methods of comparative ecology (synecological approach, assessment of α-diversity), forestry, geobotany, ornithology and statistical analysis are used. Changes in species diversity of plants and birds in forest shelter belts around organic fields are characterized. It is established that plantations with developed undergrowth and under-storey are transformed due to the loss of up to 43.5% of trees, liquefaction of the edificatory tier. Transformer species with a wide phytocenotic range predominate in the tree stands. The grass tier is dominated by ruderants (36.5%) and adventive species (24.5%). The share (60%) of species with a mixed life strategy indicates changes in moisture conditions and soil trophism. A 2.4% of shade-loving plants and the presence of 14.7% nitrophils indicate an imbalance in the structure of forest shelter belts. Depletion of species composition, ecological and trophic structure of bird groups testify to the decrease in the capacity of forest shelter belts and their statio diversity, reduction of protective, environment-creating functions and other ecosystem services. In the three-tiered dense forest shelter belts with developed undergrowth and understorey, 10–27 species of birds nest. In general, avifauna is represented by 2 ecological groups (93.1% dendrophiles, 6.9% sclerophiles), divided into 5 types of nesting strategy (with a predominance of hollow-nests 37.0–53.3%), and 5 types of feeding (with a predominance of entomophagous 70.4–90.0%). Twenty-nine species have been identified on nesting, 27 of which are subject to protection at the level of international agreements. There are no adventive species, the index of synanthropization of avifauna is high – 0.85–1.0. For organic technologies to increase the potential of biological protection of fields from entomological pests by attracting insectivorous birds is relevant.

Aim. The aim of the research is to improve the methodological bases of the integrated the assessment of park forest ecosystems under the conditions of anthropogenic loading and to determine the direction of processes occurring in them. Methods. The methodology is based on the methods of systematic, comparative analysis, statistics, analytical, mathematical and subsequent mapping of actual and stock materials related to the formation and development of park ecosystems within a large city. Results and conclusions. At an integrated assessment of the state of park forest ecosystems, it is proposed to apply systemic, structural approaches involving the inclusion of three vectors of organization of complex systems (structural-functional, organization of levels in the live, differentiation by ecological niches). The application of criteria of parks structural organization on the basis of the modified index of structural diversity of forest ecosystem is proposed. Keywords: park forest ecosystem, structural and functional components.