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This study analyzes landmine victim data in the Kurdistan Region during the period 1960 to 2005. A regression analysis is used to identify the determinants and impact of the probability of getting killed by mines and unexploded ordnances. The rates of killed/injured victims are explained using a set of socioeconomic variables. As the data are a repeated cross-section in which the individuals are observed when they are subjected to landmine incidents, and to account for the dynamic aspect of the process and heterogeneity by location as well as to control for unobserved location and time effects, a pseudo panel data are created where districts are observed over the entire time period forming a panel data. The results show that (a) males, children, and the elderly are more susceptible to a higher level of landmine risks; (b) landmine training and awareness programs do not reduce the rate of landmine mortality; and (c) the rate of incidents are declining over time. This result can be used in the planning, monitoring, and resource allocation for mine action, as well as labor market programs and rehabilitation activities.

ABSTRACT:We examine productivity changes in Japan and South Korea during 1973Korea during -2006Korea during and 1980Korea during -2009, in order to assess how investment in ICT affects energy demand. A dynamic factor demand model is applied to link inter-temporal production decisions by explicitly recognizing that the level of certain factors of production (refer to as quasi-fixed factors) cannot be changed without incurring so-called adjustment costs, defined in terms of forgone output from current production. This study quantifies how ICT capital investment in Korea and Japan affects economic growth in general and industrial energy demand in particular. We find that ICT and non-ICT capital investment serve as substitutes for the inputs of labor and energy use. The results also demonstrate a decreasing trend for labor productivity as well as significant cost differences across industries in both countries.

This paper discusses the role of private sector development in overcoming the challenges of the resource curse. It identifies the developmental factors in the private sector in natural resource dependent countries by adapting a dynamic flexible adjustment model. Its empirical results are based on panel data from 110 natural resource producers in developed, developing, and emerging countries during the period 1990-2017. The findings show that natural resource rents can foster private sector development, and the speed of adjustment towards the target level of development is faster in oil and gas exporting countries.

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